Microbiology with Diseases by Body System (4th Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780321918550
Author: Robert W. Bauman Ph.D.
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 13CT
Summary Introduction
To answer:
We have seen that it is important that biological membranes remain flexible. Most bacteria lack sterols in their membranes and instead incorporate unsaturated phospholipids in the membranes to resist tight packing and solidification. Examine Table 2.4. Which fatty acid might best protect the membranes of an ice-dwelling bacterium.
Introduction:
Biological membranes are made up phospholipid bilayer which is a selectively permeable membrane. This membrane has integral membrane proteins and fatty acids in its structure. This protein helps in the transportation process. Mostly the unsaturated fatty acids are present in the phospholipid bilayer.
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Cholesterol has a fused four – ring core and is part of body membranes. The -OH group on C-3 is the polar head, and the rest of the molecule provides the hydrophobic tail that does not fit into the zigzag packing of the hydrocarbon portion of the saturated fatty acids. Considering this structure, tell whether cholesterol contributes to the stiffening (rigidity) or the fluidity of a membrane.
___ fatty acid chain length, as well as ___ the number of double bonds has the effect of increasing the fluidity of phospholipids that contain them.
a) Increasing; decreasing
b) Decreasing; decreasing
c) Increasing; increasing
d) Decreasing; increasing
Which of the following is true of sphingolipids?
They always contain glycerol and fatty acids.
They may be charged, but are never amphipathic.
They contain two esterified fatty acids.
Phosphatidylcholine is a typical sphingolipid.
The sphingosine backbone is O-linked to a head group.
Chapter 2 Solutions
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System (4th Edition)
Ch. 2 - Electrons zip around the nucleus at about 5...Ch. 2 - Chlorine and potassium atoms form ionic bonds,...Ch. 2 - Why are decomposition reactions exothermic, that...Ch. 2 - Why does the neutralization of an acid by a base...Ch. 2 - Raw Oysters and Antacids: A Deadly Mix? The highly...Ch. 2 - Why do the cell membranes of microbes living in...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 2 - The atomic mass of an atom most closely...Ch. 2 - One isotope of iodine differs from another in...Ch. 2 - Prob. 4MC
Ch. 2 - Which of the following terms most correctly...Ch. 2 - In water, cations and anions of salts dissociate...Ch. 2 - Prob. 7MCCh. 2 - Which of the following statements about a...Ch. 2 - Proteins are polymers of ___________. a. amino...Ch. 2 - Which of the following are hydrophobic organic...Ch. 2 - Fill in the Blanks 1. The outermost electron shell...Ch. 2 - Fill in the Blanks 2. The type of chemical bond...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 2 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 2 - Fill in the Blanks 5. Groups of atoms such as NH2...Ch. 2 - Fill in the Blanks 6. The reverse of dehydration...Ch. 2 - Fill in the Blanks 7. Reactions that release...Ch. 2 - Fill in the Blanks 8. All chemical reactions begin...Ch. 2 - Fill in the Blanks 9. The ____________ scale is a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 10FIBCh. 2 - Label a portion of the molecule below; label two...Ch. 2 - Shown is the amino acid tryptophan. Put the letter...Ch. 2 - List three main types of chemical bonds, and give...Ch. 2 - Name five properties of water that are vital to...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3SACh. 2 - What is the difference between atomic oxygen and...Ch. 2 - Explain how the polarity of water molecules makes...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1CTCh. 2 - Prob. 2CTCh. 2 - Two freshmen disagree about an aspect of...Ch. 2 - When an egg white is heated, it changes from...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5CTCh. 2 - The poison glands of many bees and wasps contain...Ch. 2 - Prob. 7CTCh. 2 - Prob. 8CTCh. 2 - The deadly poison hydrogen cyanide has the...Ch. 2 - Triple covalent bonds are stronger and more...Ch. 2 - How can hydrogen bonding between water molecules...Ch. 2 - How can a single molecule of magnesium hydroxide...Ch. 2 - Prob. 13CTCh. 2 - Prob. 14CTCh. 2 - A textbook states that only five nucleotide bases...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1CM
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- The intermolecular force that is most important in keeping the two layers of a lipid bilayer together isarrow_forward70 degree Celcious is the melting point of stearic acid, and 4 degree Celcius is the melting point of oleic acid. Explain using the concept of lipids why their melting point is so different.arrow_forwardWhy do the cell membranes of microbes living in Arctic water likely contain more unsaturated fatty acids than do membranes of microbes living in hot springs?arrow_forward
- A polysaccharide is found in the shells of arthropods (e.g.,lobsters and grasshoppers) and of mollusks (e.g., oysters andsnails). It can be obtained from these sources by soaking theshells in cold dilute hydrochloric acid to dissolve the calciumcarbonate. The threadlike substance formed is composed oflinear long-chain molecules. Hydrolysis with boiling acidgives d-glucosamine and acetic acid in equimolar amounts.Milder enzymatic hydrolysis gives N-acetyl-d-glucosamineas the sole product. The polysaccharide’s linkages are identical to those of cellulose. What is the structure of thispolymer?arrow_forwardDescribe three types of the amphipathic lipid aggregates that form in water.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is/are true? 1. Sphingolipids all have a palmitate derivative that is ester-linked to the sphingosine backbone. 2. The addition of cholesterol will always lead to an increase in the rigidity of a lipid bilayer. 3. Glycolipids may have a sphingosine or a glycerol backbone to which a sugar moiety is attached. 4. All lipid molecules are characterized by the presence of a carboxylic acid functional group. O 1 and 2 O 1 only O 2 and 3 O 3 only O 1,3, and 4arrow_forward
- How are detergent molecules similar to phospholipid molecules in plasma membranes? Explain the mechanism that makes it possible for detergent molecules to get oil out of clothes. Include the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic in your explanation.arrow_forwardarrange the following lipids in order of decreasing polarity: cholesterol, triglyceride, estradiol, fatty acid, phosphatidyl cholinearrow_forwardOils can be converted to fats by a commercial process catalyzed bynickel which is called partial hydrogenation. In relatively mild conditions (180ºC and pressures of about 1.33 atm) a sufficient number of double bonds are hydrogenated and solidify liquid oils. This solid material, margarine, has a consistency similar to butter. Come up with a practical reason why oils don'tthey are completely hydrogenated during commercial hydrogenation processes.arrow_forward
- Oils can be converted to fats by a commercial process catalyzed bynickel which is called partial hydrogenation. In relatively mild conditions (180ºC and pressures of about 1.33 atm) a sufficient number of double bonds are hydrogenated and solidify liquid oils. This solid material, margarine, has a consistency similar to butter. Come up with a practical reason why oils are notfully hydrogenated during commercial hydrogenation processesarrow_forwardFrom the list below, select the statements that are FALSE. (more than one) OThe hydropathy index plot is used to identify hydrophobic patches inside the cell membrane's architecture. The GPI anchor is a special biomolecule linking a protein to the cell membrane. The phosphoglycerides of the cell membrane contain only saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. O Phosphoglycerides are to be considered amphiphilic. ONaturally, unsaturated fatty acids typically exist in the trans configuration.arrow_forwardThe lipid shown here is produced by certain microorganisms that live in extremely warm environments, such as hot springs. Assuming that this lipid makes up a portion of the organism’s membrane lipids, would the organisms produce more of this lipid or less of this lipid as the temperature increased from 45°C to 65°C?arrow_forward
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