
Concept explainers
(a) Describe Rutherford’s experiment and how the results revealed the nuclear structure of the atom. (b) Consider the

Interpretation:
The Rutherford’s experiment and its result as nuclear structure of atom is to be described and the density of the nucleus in
Concept Introduction:
The Rutherford model of an atom is also known as the planetary model of the atom. It is used to describe the structure of the atom.
The density of a substance is defined as the measurement of mass per unit volume and is calculated as
Answer to Problem 120AP
Solution:
(a)
In the Rutherford model, the alpha particles are bombarded on gold foil, where some particles will pass and some will deflect back. The main observation is that the nucleus is present in the center of the atom and the size of the atom is larger than the size of the nucleus.
(b) The density of nucleus is
The density of the electron is
Explanation of Solution
a) The Rutherford’s experiment and the results that revealed the nuclear structure of the atom.
The Rutherford model carries out an experiment that when alpha particles are bombarded on thin gold foil, then most of the alpha particles pass through it and some are deflected back through it. The main observation of Rutherford is that a positive charge situated at the center is the nucleus and the size of the nucleus is smaller than the size of the atom. The average of scattering tells about the number of protons, which is based on their electrostatic interactions.
Given information: The radius of the nucleus is
and the radius of sodium is
b) The density of nucleus in
and density of the space occupied by the electrons outside the nucleus in the sodium atom. The results come out support Rutherford’s model of an atom.
As the nucleus have a spherical shape, so the volume of a sphere is to be calculated as follows:
Here,
Substitute the values in the above equation as:
Therefore, the volume of the nucleus is
The density of the nucleus is to be calculated as follows:
Substitute the value of the mass of the nucleus
Therefore, the density of the nucleus is
The volume occupied by the electrons is to be calculated. The volume of the electrons is calculated by measuring the amount of difference in the volume of the nucleus and the volume of the atom.
The volume of an atom is calculated as follows:
Conversion of the radius of pm into cm is as follows:
The volume of a sphere is
Here,
and
Substitute the values in the above equation:
Therefore, the volume of the atom calculated is
The volume of the electron is calculated by calculating the difference in the volume of the atom and the volume of the nucleus.
The volume of the electron is calculated as follows:
Substitute the values in the above equation:
Thus, the volume of the electron is
The mass consists of
Substitute the value in the above equation:
Therefore, the mass of
Now, the mass and volume of the electrons are calculated. The density of space occupied by an electron is to be calculated, which is as follows:
Substitute the value of the mass of electron
Therefore, the density of the electron is
Yes, the calculated result supports the Rutherford model of an atom. From the calculation, the space occupied by the electron is very less as compared to the space occupied by the nucleus of an atom. Therefore, it is proved that most of the space is empty, and the calculated density of the space occupied by the electrons also supports the Rutherford model of an atom.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Chemistry
- Using reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOCI (g) 2NO (g) + Cl2 (g) AGº =41. kJ Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 4.50 atm of nitrosyl chloride (NOCI) and 6.38 atm of chlorine (C12) at 212. °C. Answer the following questions about this system: ? rise Under these conditions, will the pressure of NOCI tend to rise or fall? x10 fall Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding NO? In other words, if you said the pressure of NOCI will tend to rise, can that be changed to a tendency to fall by adding NO? Similarly, if you said the pressure of NOCI will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to rise by adding NO? yes no If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate the minimum pressure of NO needed to reverse it. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. 0.035 atm ✓ G 00. 18 Ararrow_forwardHighlight each glycosidic bond in the molecule below. Then answer the questions in the table under the drawing area. HO- HO- -0 OH OH HO NG HO- HO- OH OH OH OH NG OHarrow_forward€ + Suppose the molecule in the drawing area below were reacted with H₂ over a platinum catalyst. Edit the molecule to show what would happen to it. That is, turn it into the product of the reaction. Also, write the name of the product molecule under the drawing area. Name: ☐ H C=0 X H- OH HO- H HO- -H CH₂OH ×arrow_forward
- Draw the Haworth projection of the disaccharide made by joining D-glucose and D-mannose with a ẞ(1-4) glycosidic bond. If the disaccharide has more than one anomer, you can draw any of them. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Xarrow_forwardEpoxides can be opened in aqueous acid or aqueous base to produce diols (molecules with two OH groups). In this question, you'll explore the mechanism of epoxide opening in aqueous acid. 2nd attempt Be sure to show all four bonds at stereocenters using hash and wedge lines. 0 0 Draw curved arrows to show how the epoxide reacts with hydronium ion. 100 +1: 1st attempt Feedback Be sure to show all four bonds at stereocenters using hash and wedge lines. See Periodic Table See Hint H A 5 F F Hr See Periodic Table See Hintarrow_forward03 Question (1 point) For the reaction below, draw both of the major organic products. Be sure to consider stereochemistry. > 1. CH₂CH₂MgBr 2. H₂O 3rd attempt Draw all four bonds at chiral centers. Draw all stereoisomers formed. Draw the structures here. e 130 AN H See Periodic Table See Hint P C Brarrow_forward
- You may wish to address the following issues in your response if they are pertinent to the reaction(s) you propose to employ:1) Chemoselectivity (why this functional group and not another?) 2) Regioselectivity (why here and not there?) 3) Stereoselectivity (why this stereoisomer?) 4) Changes in oxidation state. Please make it in detail and draw it out too in what step what happens. Thank you for helping me!arrow_forward1) Chemoselectivity (why this functional group and not another?) 2) Regioselectivity (why here and not there?) 3) Stereoselectivity (why this stereoisomer?) 4) Changes in oxidation state. Everything in detail and draw out and write it.arrow_forwardCalculating the pH at equivalence of a titration 3/5 Izabella A chemist titrates 120.0 mL of a 0.7191M dimethylamine ((CH3)2NH) solution with 0.5501 M HBr solution at 25 °C. Calculate the pH at equivalence. The pk of dimethylamine is 3.27. Round your answer to 2 decimal places. Note for advanced students: you may assume the total volume of the solution equals the initial volume plus the volume of HBr solution added. pH = ☐ ✓ 18 Ar Boarrow_forward
- Alcohols can be synthesized using an acid-catalyzed hydration of an alkene. An alkene is combined with aqueous acid (e.. sulfuric acid in water). The reaction mechanism typically involves a carbocation intermediate. > 3rd attempt 3343 10 8 Draw arrows to show the reaction between the alkene and hydronium ion. that 2nd attempt Feedback 1st attempt تعمال Ju See Periodic Table See Hint F D Ju See Periodic Table See Hintarrow_forwardDraw the simplified curved arrow mechanism for the reaction of acetone and CHgLi to give the major product. 4th attempt Π Draw the simplified curved arrow mechanism T 3rd attempt Feedback Ju See Periodic Table See Hint H -H H -I H F See Periodic Table See Hintarrow_forwardSelect the correct reagent to accomplish the first step of this reaction. Then draw a mechanism on the Grignard reagent using curved arrow notation to show how it is converted to the final product. 4th attempt Part 1 (0.5 point) Select the correct reagent to accomplish the first step of this reaction. Choose one: OA Mg in ethanol (EtOH) OB. 2 Li in THF O C. Li in THF D. Mg in THF O E Mg in H2O Part 2 (0.5 point) Br Part 1 Bri Mg CH B CH, 1 Draw intermediate here, but no arrows. © TE See Periodic Table See Hint See Hint ין Harrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning





