Chapter 19, Problem 89AE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The hemoglobin ${\mathrm{HbH}}_4^{4+}$ or $\text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4(aq)}}$ which favores in lungs and cells needs to be determined, if the binding of Hb with oxygen depends on pH and the relevant equilibrium can be shown as:

  ${\text{HbH}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{4+}}{\text{(aq)+ 4 O}}_{\text{2(g)}}𑨀\text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4(aq)}}{\text{+4H}}^{\text{+}}{}_{\text{(aq)}}$

Concept Introduction: A reversible chemical reaction is the chemical reaction that can proceed in either directions.The equilibrium stage is the stage at which the rate of forward and backward reaction become equal to each other.

The direction of an equilibrium reaction is predicted with the help of Le Châtelier's principle. It states if equilibrium is disturbed by changes in determining factors like temperature, pressure, and concentration, the reaction will tend to shift its equilibrium position in that direction which can counteract the effect of the disturbance. 

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The effect of oxygen-bonding equilibrium during hyperventilation that decrease the concentration of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ in blood needs to be explained.

  ${\text{HbH}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{4+}}{\text{(aq)+ 4 O}}_{\text{2(g)}}𑨀\text{Hb}{\left({\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\right)}_{\text{4(aq)}}{\text{+4H}}^{\text{+}}{}_{\text{(aq)}}$

Concept Introduction:A reversible chemical reaction is the chemical reaction that can proceed in either directions. The equilibrium stage is the stage at which the rate of forward and backward reaction become equal to each other.

The direction of an equilibrium reaction is predicted with the help of Le Châtelier's principle. It states if equilibrium is disturbed by changes in determining factors like temperature, pressure, and concentration, the reaction will tend to shift its equilibrium position in that direction which can counteract the effect of the disturbance. 

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The role of an injection of a sodium bicarbonate solution during a cardiac arrest needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: A reversible chemical reaction is the chemical reaction that can proceed in either directions. The equilibrium stage is the stage at which the rate of forward and backward reaction becomes equal to each other.

The direction of an equilibrium reaction is predicted with the help of Le Châtelier's principle. It states if equilibrium is disturbed by changes in determining factors like temperature, pressure, and concentration, the reaction will tend to shift its equilibrium position in that direction which can counteract the effect of the disturbance.