The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained. Concept Introduction: Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds . Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions. Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound . It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction. The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance. If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho - and para - directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions . So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions. If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position. Friedel - Crafts Alkylation : This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 64PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 64PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 64PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 64PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 64PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 64PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 64PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Resonance structure of the sigma complex of ortho, para, meta position of given following compound should be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Answer 16

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 17

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 10CC

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Chapter 19 Solutions