Microbiology: An Introduction
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321929150
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 19, Problem 2A
The first preparations used for artificially acquired passive immunity were antibodies in horse serum. A complication that resulted from the therapeutic use of horse serum was immune complex disease, why did this occur?
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Generally, polysaccharides are not good antigens, because B cells that recognize them cannot
get T-cell help. But for some pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae opsonization by
antibodies that bind the thick polysaccharide "capsule" layer surrounding the bacteria is the
major mechanism of clearing the infection. As expected, a pure polysaccharide vaccine is not
terribly effective, but much better immunity is achieved by vaccinating with a polysaccharide
covalently linked "conjugated" to an unrelated protein. Explain how this conjugate vaccine
allows B cells capable of making anti-polysaccharide antibodies.
Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all
vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing
antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a
neutralizing antibody is
having high affinity for the antigen.
being efficient at activating the complement cascade.
having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers.
being present at a high concentration in the circulation.
0 0 0 0
You are an immunocompromised person with a history of serious lung infections, putting you
at high risk of serious complications from COVID-19. Three weeks ago, you received your
2nd dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, significantly
reducing your risk of developing severe disease if you are exposed to SARS-CoV-2. This is
considered which type of immunity? Pick one choice.
O Natural Active Immunity
O Natural Passive Immunity
Artificial Active Immunity
O Artificial Passive Immunity
Innate Immunity
Chapter 19 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction
Ch. 19 - DRAW IT Label IgE, antigen, and mast cell, and add...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2RCh. 19 - Discuss the roles of antibodies and antigens in an...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4RCh. 19 - Prob. 5RCh. 19 - Differentiate the three types of autoimmune...Ch. 19 - Summarize the causes of immunodeficiencies. What...Ch. 19 - Prob. 8RCh. 19 - Prob. 9RCh. 19 - Prob. 10R
Ch. 19 - Prob. 1MCQCh. 19 - What does pluripotent mean? a. Ability of a single...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 19 - Antibodies against HIV are ineffective for all of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 19 - Which antibodies will be found naturally in the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 19 - Use the following choices to match the type of...Ch. 19 - Use the following choices to match the type of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 19 - When and how does our immune system discriminate...Ch. 19 - The first preparations used for artificially...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3ACh. 19 - Prob. 4ACh. 19 - Prob. 1CAECh. 19 - Prob. 2CAECh. 19 - Prob. 3CAECh. 19 - Prob. 4CAE
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- Which of the following best describes the type of immunity acquired in the following example? Example: An infant receives antibodies from the mother through breastfeeding. A) passive, natural B) passive, artificial active, natural active, artificial Question 33 What caused COVID-19 to be re-ciassif ed from an epidemic to a pandemic?arrow_forwardThe current view in the field of immunology is that dendritic cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells for stimulating naive T cells. One piece of evidence supporting this conclusion is the observation that IRF8-deficient individuals, which retain their tissue-resident macrophages, are susceptible to a range of severe opportunistic infections caused by intracellular bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Explain the reasoning behind this argument.arrow_forwardDescribe in chronological order the steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissue sites during an innate immune response. Use the following terms in your description: rolling adhesion, tight binding, extravasation, migration, inflammatory mediators, integrins, adhesion molecules, chemokines, selectins, sialyl-Lewisx, and basement membrane proteases.arrow_forward
- With the aid of diagrams, discuss the role of autoantibodies in three named autoimmune diseases, then discuss how four named monoclonal antibody therapies (biologics) have been used to treat patients with autoimmunity in 2000 words.arrow_forwardDescribe the difference between (A) ‘naked antibodies’ and (B) conjugated antibodies in the context of using humanized monoclonal antibodies for tumor killing.arrow_forwardIn some cases antibodies from individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 are being used as treatment for individuals who are infected with COVID-19. We know from history that these antibodies could provide immunity for those now afflicted with the disorder. While this is great, there could, initially be problems with this treatment plan. Explain, how/ why this could work and discuss at least one specific problem that might be encountered using this treatment method.arrow_forward
- Serum from individuals with high levels of antibody to SARS-CoV2 has been used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. What is ONE way (there are several) that passive immunization with the antibody to the virus could help these patients? HINT: think about what opsonization with antibody could do for the innate immune response.arrow_forwardDescribe and give one example: artificial active acquired immunity artificial passive acquired immunity natural active acquired immunity natural passive acquired immunityarrow_forwardIn your own personal understanding, why are complements important in cellular and humoral mediated immunity? please answer in a minimum of 5 sentences.arrow_forward
- How are antibodies unique? Please discuss the structure of an antibody. What are the V and C regions? Discuss how the few hundred genes involved are capable of making endless amounts of antibodies. Besides medical treatment what is another way antibodies can be used?arrow_forwardBriefly Explain this statement "Immunomodulator Agents "-Please explain at your own words.arrow_forwardCorrectly order the steps in cellular Immunity. Below is a sequence of events. Place them in the order they should occur, number 1 being the first item. Select the step number from the drop down next to each item. Items to order: a) .Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) recognizes the infected host cell b) The CTL secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis c) The CTL interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell d) The helper T cell activates the CTL cellarrow_forward
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