(a) Interpretation: The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated. Concept introduction: A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 23E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

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2. Please consider the two all 'cis' isomers of trimethylcyclohexane drawn below. Draw the two chair conformers of each stereoisomer below (1 and 2) and calculate their torsional interaction energies in order to identify the lower energy conformer for each stereoisomer. Based on your calculations, state which of the two stereoisomers 1 and 2 is less stable and which is more stable. [1,3-diaxial CH3 CH3 = 3.7kcal/mol; 1,3-diaxial CH3 H = 0.88kcal/mol; cis-1,2 (axial:equatorial) CH3 CH3 = 0.88kcal/mol; trans-1,2-diequatorial CH3 CH3 = 0.88kcal/mol) all-cis-1,2,3- 1 all-cis-1,2,4- 2

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 23E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 23E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 23E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 23E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 23E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 23E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The element experiencing oxidation or reduction, the species being oxidized or reduced and the change in oxidation number are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

A species gain or loses electrons to form anions or cations respectively. If an atom loses an electron, the atom is said to be oxidized and the process is called oxidation. Similarly, if the atom gains electrons it is said to be reduced and the process is called reduction. To keep a track on the loss or gain of an electron, a number is assigned in the form of oxidation number.

Answer 10

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Answer 13

Ch. 19 - Prob. 1E Ch. 19 - Prob. 2E Ch. 19 - Classify each of the following half-reaction...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4E Ch. 19 - Prob. 5E Ch. 19 - Prob. 6E Ch. 19 - Prob. 7E Ch. 19 - Prob. 8E Ch. 19 - Prob. 9E Ch. 19 - Prob. 10E

Solution Summary: The author explains how iodine's oxidation state is calculated by calculating the change in the number of electrons in a molecule.

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