
Concept explainers
(a)
The neutron and proton numbers for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O).
(a)

Answer to Problem 1SP
The neutron number for carbon (C) is 6 and proton number of carbon is 6.
The neutron number for Nitrogen (N) is 6 and proton number of Nitrogen is 7.
The neutron number for Oxygen (O) is 6 and proton number of Oxygen is 8.
Explanation of Solution
The number of proton number is equal to the atomic number and proton number plus neutron number is equal to
From the periodic table, the proton number of carbon (C) is 6 and mass number is 12.
Therefore neutron number is
The proton number of Nitrogen (N) is 7 and mass number is 14.
Therefore neutron number is
The proton number of (O) Oxygen is 8 and mass number is 16.
Therefore neutron number is
Thus, the neutron number for carbon (C) is 6 and proton number of carbon is 6.
The neutron number for Nitrogen (N) is 6 and proton number of Nitrogen is 7.
The neutron number for Oxygen (O) is 6 and proton number of Oxygen is 8.
(b)
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotopes of carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen.
(b)

Answer to Problem 1SP
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotopes of carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen are
Explanation of Solution
The stable isotopes of carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen are carbon-12, Nitrogen-14 and Oxygen-16 respectively.
In the case of carbon-12 , the neutron number is 6 and proton number is
Write the expression for the ratio of neutron to proton of isotope.
Here,
Substitute
In the case of Nitrogen-14, the neutron number is
Substitute
In the case of Oxygen-16, the neutron number is
Substitute
Conclusion:
Thus, the ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotopes of carbon-12, Nitrogen-14 and Oxygen-16 are
(c)
The neutron and proton numbers for silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), and indium (In).
(c)

Answer to Problem 1SP
The neutron number for silver (Ag) is 61 and proton number of silver is 41.
The neutron number for cadmium (Cd) is 64 and proton number of cadmium is 48.
The neutron number for indium (In) is 66 and proton number of indium is 49.
Explanation of Solution
The number of proton number is equal to the atomic number and proton number plus neutron number is equal to atomic mass. Therefore mass number minus atomic number will give neutron number.
From the periodic table, Atomic number of silver is
Therefore number proton number is
Therefore neutron number is
From the periodic table, Atomic number of cadmium is
Therefore number proton number is
Therefore neutron number is
From the periodic table, Atomic number of indium is
Therefore number proton number is
Therefore neutron number is
Thus, the neutron number for silver (Ag) is 61 and proton number of silver is 41.
The neutron number for cadmium (Cd) is 64 and proton number of cadmium is 48.
The neutron number for indium (In) is 66 and proton number of indium is 49.
(d)
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotopes of silver, cadmium and indium.
(d)

Answer to Problem 1SP
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of silver is
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of cadmium is
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of indium is
The average value of ratio is
Explanation of Solution
The stable isotopes of silver, cadmium and indium are
In the case of
Write the expression for the ratio of neutron to proton of isotope.
Substitute
In the case of
Substitute
In the case of
Substitute
Write the average value of ratios.
Conclusion:
Thus, the ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of silver is
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of cadmium is
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of indium is
The average value of ratio is
(e)
The neutron and proton numbers for Thorium (Th), Palladium (Pa), and Uranium (U) and the ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotopes of Thorium, Palladium and Uranium.
(e)

Answer to Problem 1SP
The neutron number for Thorium (Th) is 142 and proton number of Thorium is 90.
The neutron number for Palladium (Pa) is 140 and proton number of Palladium is 91.
The neutron number for Uranium (U) is 146 and proton number of Uranium is 92.
Thus, the ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of Thorium is
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of Palladium is
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of Uranium is
The average value of ratio is
Explanation of Solution
From the periodic table, Atomic number of Thorium is
Therefore number proton number is
Therefore neutron number is
From the periodic table, Atomic number of Palladium is
Therefore number proton number is
Therefore neutron number is
From the periodic table, Atomic number of Uranium is
Therefore number proton number is
Therefore neutron number is
The stable isotopes of Thorium, Palladium, and Uranium are Thorium-232, Palladium-231, and Uranium-
In the case of
Write the expression for the ratio of neutron to proton of isotope.
Substitute
In the case of
Substitute
In the case of
Substitute
Write the average value of ratios.
Conclusion:
Thus, the neutron number for Thorium (Th) is 142 and proton number of Thorium is 90.
The neutron number for Palladium (Pa) is 140 and proton number of Palladium is 91.
The neutron number for Uranium (U) is 146 and proton number of Uranium is 92.
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of Thorium is
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of Palladium is
The ratio of neutrons and protons for the stable isotope of Uranium is
The average value of ratio is
(f)
Why there are extra neutrons when uranium or thorium undergo fission by comparing the ratios of parts b, d, and e.
(f)

Answer to Problem 1SP
The ratio of neutron to proton for heavy nuclei are very large compared to medium nuclei and light nuclei. Therefore during fission these heavy nuclei have to produce extra neutrons to get stable medium nuclei or lighter nuclei.
Explanation of Solution
The neutron to proton ratio simply gives the idea about the extra number of neutron present in the nucleus.
The neutron to proton ratio for heavy nuclei is around
Therefore during fission of heavier to medium nuclei requires emission of extra neutron to get stable nuclei.
Conclusion:
Thus, the ratio of neutron to proton for heavy nuclei are very large compared to medium nuclei and light nuclei. Therefore during fission these heavy nuclei have to produce extra neutrons to get stable medium nuclei or lighter nuclei.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
Physics of Everyday Phenomena
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