Campbell Biology in Focus
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134710679
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Rebecca Orr
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 18.4, Problem 3CC
Summary Introduction
To contrast:
The organization of rRNA gene family and the globin gene families and also to explain how the existence of these gene family benefits the organism.
Introduction:
The rRNA gene family is composed of 28/26S, 18S, 5.8S, and 5S in eukaryotes. The copies of these genes are present in the genome. The globins are the heme containing globular protein that helps in the transportation of oxygen. The globin gene family consists of cluster of related genes on chromosomes.
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According to the Central Dogma, genes are the blueprints for making proteins. Each gene (humans have 21,325) contains a single “coded message” of DNA bases (A, T, G, & C) attached in a specific order, which the cell “reads” to create an mRNA molecule that is then translated into protein. Knowing this, EXPLAIN how a SINGLE gene can make different proteins in different cells.
In Eukaryotes the following are areas of the gene that contain amino acid sequences information
A) Exon’s
B) Introns
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Discuss the following statement: “from the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone, the complete amino acid sequence of a protein can be deduced by applying the genetic code. thus, protein biochemistry has become superfluous because there is nothing more that can be learned by studying the protein.”
Chapter 18 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus
Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 18.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 18.2 - Explain the advantage of the systems biology...Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 18.3 - The best estimate is that the human genome...Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 18.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 18.4 - Discuss the characteristics of mammalian genomes...Ch. 18.4 - Which of the three mechanisms described in Figures...Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 3CC
Ch. 18.5 - Describe three examples of errors in cellular...Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 18.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 18.6 - Would you expect the genome of the macaque (a...Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 18 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 18 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 18 - Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common...Ch. 18 - DRAW IT Comparing amino acid sequences of similar...Ch. 18 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY The scientists mapping human...Ch. 18 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Genes important in the...Ch. 18 - FOCUS ON INFORMATION The continuity of life is...Ch. 18 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Insects have three...
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- Beadle and Tatum's experiments led to the "one gene - one enzyme (protein)" hypothesis. In subsequent years, many exceptions to this hypothesis were noted. A molecule of hemoglobin fails to support this hypothesis for which of the following reasons? n eukaryotes, one gene can code form multiple isoforms of a polypeptide. The functional hemoglobin protein is made from multiple polypeptides. Not all enzymes are proteins. Not all genes encode proteins.arrow_forwardThe two-dimensional structures of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are shown in the diagrams. Which of the following might be one contributing factor to the function of rRNA based on comparisons between the structures of the three molecules? A - rRNA molecules are sufficiently flexible because they contain more RNA loops. B - rRNA molecules are more reactive because they have longer chains of unmatched bases. C - rRNA molecules are sufficiently stable because the sequence of bases allows for more internal hydrogen bonds. D - rRNA molecules are more rigid because they have a more regular sequence of bases than other RNA molecules.arrow_forwardA gene contains the sequence CGCATACGGTAC that results in the amino acid sequence arg-ile-arg- tyr. A mutation in this gene has a G inserted after the second C in the strand. How will this mutation affect the phenotype? A:This will affect the phenotype because although most of the protein will be identical, the first amino acid will be different. B:This will not affect the phenotype because only the second amino acid is different from the original protein. C:This will not affect the phenotype because the protein will be identical to the original protein. D:This will affect the phenotvpe because all of the amino acids after the first one will be different from he original protein.arrow_forward
- A molecular geneticist hopes to find a gene gene in human liver cells that codes for an important blood clotting protein. He knows that the nucleotides sequence of a small part of the gene is GTGGACTGACA. briefly explain how to obtain the desired genearrow_forwardAn example sequence corresponds to human sickle cell beta-globin mRNA and that this disease results from a point mutation in the β globin gene. In the following section, you will compare sickle cell and normal β globin sequences to reveal the nature of the sickle cell mutation at the protein level. To do this you need to find at least one sequence representing the normal beta globin gene. Open a new window and visit the NCBI home page(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and select “Nucleotide” from the drop menu associated with the top search box. Then enter the search term: HBB . Note that lots of irrelevant results are returned so let's apply some “Filters” (available by clicking in the left-hand sidebar) to focus on RefSeq entries for Homo sapiens. Remember that we are after mRNA so we can compare to the mRNA sequence from part 1 above. QUESTION #1: What is the ACCESSION number of the “Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA” entry? NOTE: Boolean operators (NOT, AND, OR) as…arrow_forwardIf an extra nucleotide is inserted in the first exon of the beta globin gene, what effect will it have on the amino acid sequence of the globin polypeptides? Will the globin most likely be fully functional, partly functional, or nonfunctional? Why?arrow_forward
- The figure below shows the introns and exons found in gene X. The size of each exon and intron is shown as well. A study on this organism found that two mature MRNA molecules are produced for this gene. One is 457 nucleotides in length, and the other is 439 nucleotides in length. Name the process responsible for producing this variation. Also explain how these 457 and 439 nucleotide fragments were produced by referring to the information provided. Hint: This organism produces a poly-A tail of 120 nucleotides. 99 62 120 84 102 27 117 Gene X E1 в в 11 E2 12 E4 Exon (E) Intron (1)arrow_forwardThe figure below shows the introns and exons found in gene X. The size of each exon and intron is shown as well. A study on this organism found that two mature mRNA molecules are produced for this gene. One is 457 nucleotides in length, and the other is 439 nucleotides in length. Name the process responsible for producing this variation. Also explain how these 457 and 439 nucleotide fragments were produced by referring to the information provided. Hint: This organism produces a poly-A tail of 120 nucleotides.arrow_forwardThe figure below shows the introns and exons found in gene X. The size of each exon and intron is shown as well. A study on this organism found that two mature mRNA molecules are produced for this gene. One is 457 nucleotides in length, and the other is 439 nucleotides in length. Name the process responsible for producing this variation. Also explain how these 457 and 439 nucleotide fragments were produced by referring to the information provided. Hint: This organism produces a poly-A tail of 120 nucleotides. 99 62 120 84 102 27 117 Gene X E1 11 E2 12 ЕЗ 13 E4 Exon (E) Intron (I)arrow_forward
- The figure below shows the introns and exons found in gene X. The size of each exon and intron is shown as well. A study on this organism found that two mature mRNA molecules are produced for this gene. One is 867 nucleotides in length, and the other is 685 nucleotides in length. Name the process responsible for producing this variation. Also explain how these 867 and 685 nucleotide fragments were produced by referring to the information provided. Hint: This organism produces a poly-A tail of 150 nucleotides.arrow_forwardSeveral different nucleic acids are involved in the process of getting a protein produced from a gene. DNA contains the "genetic code" for the protein. DNA is double-stranded, but only one strand is transcribed into MRNA. The MRNA then goes into the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein with the help of TRNA. At each stage of the process, there is base complementarity (A pairs with T/U and C pairs with G) between the nucleic acids involved to ensure the integrity of the DNA blueprint for the protein being produced. Therefore, some of the four strands of nucleic acids involved will match (except U replaces T in RNA) and some will have base complementarity. Indicate whether there is matching (1) or base complementarity (2) between the following nucleic acids. DNA sense strand and MRNA DNA sense strand and tRNA DNA antisense strand and MRNA MRNA and TRNAarrow_forwardTransformation is a process in which bacteria take up new DNA released by dead cells and integrate it into their own genomes (see p. 265 in Chapter 9). In Streptococcus pneumoniae (which causes many cases of pneumonia, inner-ear infections, and meningitis), the ability to carry out transformation requires from 105 to 124 genes, collectively termed the com regulon. The com regulon is activated in response to a protein called competence-stimulating peptide (CSP), which is produced by the bacteria and exported into the surrounding medium. When enough CSP accumulates, it attaches to a receptor on the bacterial cell membrane, which then activates a regulator protein that stimulates the transcription of genes within the com regulon and sets in motion a series of reactions that ultimately result in transformation. Does the com regulon in Streptococcus pneumoniae exhibit positive or negative control? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
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