The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified. Concept Introduction: Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds . Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions. Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound . It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction. The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance. If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho - and para - directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions . So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions. If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 43PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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3. SYNTHESIS. Propose a sequence of synthetic steps (FGI) that convert the starting material (SM) into the Target molecule. For each FGI in your proposed synthesis, specify the reagents / conditions, and draw the product(s) of that FGI. DO NOT INCLUDE the FGI mxn in the answer you submit. If an FGI requires two reagent sets, specify the order in which the reagent sets are added, e.g., i) Hg(OAc)2 / H₂O; ii) NaBH4/MeOH. Indicate the stereochemistry (if any) of the products of each FGI. FGI 1. Me Starting Material Source of all carbons in the Target molecule (can use multiple copies) Me Me Target molecule + enantiomer

curved arrows are used to illustate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction mechanism steps

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 43PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 43PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 43PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 43PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 43PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 43PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 22

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 23

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 24

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 25

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given following groups are an activator or a de activator and their directing effect has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 26

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 27

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 28

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Answer 29

Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 10CC

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Chapter 18 Solutions