Rate of decay of carbon 14 and its half life is given. The counts per minute per gram of carbon measured from a 15000 year old sample are to be determined. Effectiveness of radiocarbon dating for a small sample of 10mg or less is to be justified. Concept introduction: Radiocarbon dating is based on the radioactivity of the nuclide 6 14 C which decays by beta particle production. A living plant consumes carbon dioxide in the photosynthesis process and incorporates the carbon including 6 14 C into its molecule. To determine: The counts per minute per gram of carbon measured from a 15000 year old sample.

Question

5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15% glycerin by weight. If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate; e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt). f. Moles of CO2 evolved. g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed. h. Conversion efficiency. i. Per cent excess of excess reactant. Reactions: Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6 Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3

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Chapter 18, Problem 37E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Rate of decay of carbon 14 and its half life is given. The counts per minute per gram of carbon measured from a 15000 year old sample are to be determined. Effectiveness of radiocarbon dating for a small sample of 10mg or less is to be justified.

Concept introduction: Radiocarbon dating is based on the radioactivity of the nuclide 614C which decays by beta particle production.

A living plant consumes carbon dioxide in the photosynthesis process and incorporates the carbon including 614C into its molecule.

To determine: The counts per minute per gram of carbon measured from a 15000 year old sample.

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5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15% glycerin by weight. If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate; e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt). f. Moles of CO2 evolved. g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed. h. Conversion efficiency. i. Per cent excess of excess reactant. Reactions: Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6 Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3

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