The species that is most closely related to the “Apapane” ( Himatione sanguinea ). Concept introduction: A cladogram is a diagrammatic representation used to represent the relationship between the different groups of organisms. It is very helpful for comparing many number of clades based on different aspects. A clade is a group of species used in cladograms, which consists of one ancestor and all its descendants. Outgroups in a cladogram are used as point of comparison for the ingroup and completely allows for the phylogeny to be rooted.

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Chapter 18, Problem 2DAA

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To find: The species that is most closely related to the “Apapane” (Himatione sanguinea).

Concept introduction: A cladogram is a diagrammatic representation used to represent the relationship between the different groups of organisms. It is very helpful for comparing many number of clades based on different aspects. A clade is a group of species used in cladograms, which consists of one ancestor and all its descendants. Outgroups in a cladogram are used as point of comparison for the ingroup and completely allows for the phylogeny to be rooted.

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Answer each item with either “Yes” or “No”. If the answer is No, write a 1-sentence statement that gives the correct interpretation of the relationship of the species mentioned. 1. pinea and heldrechii are sister to each other 2. merkusii is equally related to heldreichii and pinea 3. The group consisting only of (longaeva, brutia and sylvestris) is polyphyletic. 4. The group consisting only of (heldreichii, bruita and pinea) is polyphyletic.