Chapter 18, Problem 20QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The following reaction should be completed.

$\text{Es-}240\text{+neutron}\to \text{2 neutrons+\_\_\_\_+Gd-161}$

Concept introduction:

A reaction in which a nucleus of an atom or two nuclei and a subatomic particle collide to form one or more nuclide which is different from the starting nuclide is known as nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactions can be classified as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Answer to Problem 20QAP

${}_{99}^{240}{\text{Es+}}_0^{1}n\to {\text{2 }}_0^{1}n\text{+}\text{B}{\text{r+}}_{64}^{161}\text{Gd}$

Explanation of Solution

The reaction in which the change in atomic numbers, energy states and mass number of nuclei takes place is known as nuclear reaction.

The given incomplete reaction is:

$\text{Es-}240\text{+neutron}\to \text{2 neutrons+\_\_\_\_+Gd-161}$

Es-240 is the isotope of einsteinium, atomic number of einsteinium is 99.

Gd-161 is the isotope of gadolinium, atomic number of gadolinium is 64.

To identify the missing species: Let the species be $\text{X}$

The reaction is written as:

${}_{99}^{240}{\text{Es+}}_0^{1}n\to {\text{2 }}_0^{1}n\text{+}\text{X}{\text{+}}_{64}^{161}\text{Gd}$

Mass number of the reactant must be equal to the mass number of the product.

$\begin{array}{l}240+1=2+A+161\\ A=241-163\\ A=78\end{array}$

Now, atomic number or charges must be balanced, therefore:

$\begin{array}{l}99+0=Z+64\\ Z=99-64=35\end{array}$

Thus, the atomic number of bromine is 35 on the basis of periodic table.

Overall reaction is:

${}_{99}^{240}{\text{Es+}}_0^{1}n\to {\text{2 }}_0^{1}n\text{+}\text{B}{\text{r+}}_{64}^{161}\text{Gd}$

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The following reaction should be completed.

$\_\_\_\to \beta -\text{particle}+\text{Co-59}$

Concept introduction:

A reaction in which a nucleus of an atom or two nuclei and a subatomic particle collide to form one or more nuclide which is different from the starting nuclide is known as nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactions can be classified as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Answer to Problem 20QAP

${}_{26}^{59}\text{Fe}{\to }_{-1}^{0}e{+}_{27}^{59}\text{Co}$

Explanation of Solution

The reaction in which the change in atomic numbers, energy states and mass number of nuclei takes place is known as nuclear reaction.

The given incomplete reaction is:

$\_\_\_\to \beta -\text{particle}+\text{Co-59}$

Co-59 is the isotope of cobalt, atomic number of cobalt is 27.

To identify the missing species: Let the species be $\text{X}$

The reaction is written as:

$\text{X}{\to }_{-1}^{0}e{+}_{27}^{59}\text{Co}$

Mass number of the reactant must be equal to the mass number of the product.

$A=59+0=59$

Now, atomic number or charges must be balanced, therefore:

$\begin{array}{l}Z=27-1\\ Z=26\end{array}$

Thus, an element with atomic number 26 is Fe.

Overall reaction is:

${}_{26}^{59}\text{Fe}{\to }_{-1}^{0}e{+}_{27}^{59}\text{Co}$

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The following reaction should be completed.

$4\text{H}\to \text{\_\_\_+2 positrons}$

Concept introduction:

A reaction in which a nucleus of an atom or two nuclei and a subatomic particle collide to form one or more nuclide which is different from the starting nuclide is known as nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactions can be classified as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Answer to Problem 20QAP

$4\text{H}\to \alpha {\text{+2 }}_{+1}^{0}e$

Explanation of Solution

The reaction in which the change in atomic numbers, energy states and mass number of nuclei takes place is known as nuclear reaction.

The given incomplete reaction is:

$4\text{H}\to \text{\_\_\_+2 positrons}$

To identify the missing species: Let the species be $\text{X}$

The reaction is written as:

$4\text{H}\to \text{X}{\text{+2 }}_{+1}^{0}e$

Mass number of the reactant must be equal to the mass number of the product.

$A=4$

Now, atomic number or charges must be balanced, therefore:

$\begin{array}{l}4=Z+2\\ Z=4-2=2\end{array}$

Thus, the product is $\alpha$

Overall reaction is:

$4\text{H}\to \alpha {\text{+2 }}_{+1}^{0}e$

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The following reaction should be completed.

$\text{Mg-24+neutron}\to \text{proton+\_\_\_}$

Concept introduction:

A reaction in which a nucleus of an atom or two nuclei and a subatomic particle collide to form one or more nuclide which is different from the starting nuclide is known as nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactions can be classified as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Answer to Problem 20QAP

${}_{12}^{24}{\text{Mg+}}_0^{1}n{\to }_1^1{\text{H+}}_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$

Explanation of Solution

The reaction in which the change in atomic numbers, energy states and mass number of nuclei takes place is known as nuclear reaction.

The given incomplete reaction is:

$\text{Mg-24+neutron}\to \text{proton+\_\_\_}$

Mg-24 is the isotope of magnesium, atomic number of magnesium is 12.

To identify the missing species: Let the species be $\text{X}$

The reaction is written as:

${}_{12}^{24}{\text{Mg+}}_0^{1}n{\to }_1^1{\text{H+}}_Z^A\text{X}$

Mass number of the reactant must be equal to the mass number of the product.

$\begin{array}{l}24+1=1+A\\ A=25-1=24\end{array}$

Now, atomic number or charges must be balanced, therefore:

$\begin{array}{l}12+0=1+Z\\ Z=12-1=11\end{array}$

Thus, the atomic number of sodium is 11 on the basis of periodic table.

Overall reaction is:

${}_{12}^{24}{\text{Mg+}}_0^{1}n{\to }_1^1{\text{H+}}_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$