Cellular metabolism review: which of the following three metabolic pathways—glycolysis, the citric acid cycle. and the electron transport system—is directly associated with ( a ) O 2 consumption and with (b) CO 2 production?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1CC

Cellular metabolism review: which of the following three metabolic pathways—glycolysis, the citric acid cycle. and the electron transport system—is directly associated with (a) O₂ consumption and with (b) CO₂ production?

(a)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to O₂ consumption.

Introduction: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which conversion of glucose (6 carbon compounds) into pyruvate (3 carbon compound) takes place. Glycolysis results in the degradation of glucose and production of high energy molecules -ATP and NADPH. In the citric acid cycle, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA takes place through a series of chemical reactions to release high-energy molecules-ATP, NADH and, also CO_2. In electron transport system, the redox reaction takes place to create an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient will help in driving ATP synthesis.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis comprises of ten biochemical reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, but it does not require oxygen for completion. The glycolysis also takes place in the anaerobic organism. The citric acid cycle is the second step of cellular respiration and provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle does not require oxygen directly; it only depends on the product, which is formed in the presence of oxygen by the electron transport chain. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. During ETC, the oxygen is consumed to form water.

Conclusion

The oxygen consumption is directly related to the electron transport system.

(b)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to CO₂ production.

Introduction: Glycolysis is the first step in the splitting of glucose into pyruvates and extract energy for cellular respiration. In citric acid cycle, the acetyl CoA is modified using mitochondrial enzymes and high energy intermediates are produced. These intermediates will be used in the next step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration. The pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis can further be oxidized to carbon dioxide and two carbon acetyl group, but this oxidation of pyruvate is not a part of glycolysis. The second step of cellular respiration is citric acid cycle which provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH during the citric acid cycle releases CO_2. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived. There is no production of carbon dioxide during the electron transport chain.

Conclusion

The carbon dioxide production is directly associated with the citric acid cycle.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1CC

Cellular metabolism review: which of the following three metabolic pathways—glycolysis, the citric acid cycle. and the electron transport system—is directly associated with (a) O₂ consumption and with (b) CO₂ production?

(a)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to O₂ consumption.

Introduction: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which conversion of glucose (6 carbon compounds) into pyruvate (3 carbon compound) takes place. Glycolysis results in the degradation of glucose and production of high energy molecules -ATP and NADPH. In the citric acid cycle, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA takes place through a series of chemical reactions to release high-energy molecules-ATP, NADH and, also CO_2. In electron transport system, the redox reaction takes place to create an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient will help in driving ATP synthesis.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis comprises of ten biochemical reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, but it does not require oxygen for completion. The glycolysis also takes place in the anaerobic organism. The citric acid cycle is the second step of cellular respiration and provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle does not require oxygen directly; it only depends on the product, which is formed in the presence of oxygen by the electron transport chain. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. During ETC, the oxygen is consumed to form water.

Conclusion

The oxygen consumption is directly related to the electron transport system.

(b)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to CO₂ production.

Introduction: Glycolysis is the first step in the splitting of glucose into pyruvates and extract energy for cellular respiration. In citric acid cycle, the acetyl CoA is modified using mitochondrial enzymes and high energy intermediates are produced. These intermediates will be used in the next step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration. The pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis can further be oxidized to carbon dioxide and two carbon acetyl group, but this oxidation of pyruvate is not a part of glycolysis. The second step of cellular respiration is citric acid cycle which provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH during the citric acid cycle releases CO_2. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived. There is no production of carbon dioxide during the electron transport chain.

Conclusion

The carbon dioxide production is directly associated with the citric acid cycle.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1CC

Cellular metabolism review: which of the following three metabolic pathways—glycolysis, the citric acid cycle. and the electron transport system—is directly associated with (a) O₂ consumption and with (b) CO₂ production?

(a)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to O₂ consumption.

Introduction: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which conversion of glucose (6 carbon compounds) into pyruvate (3 carbon compound) takes place. Glycolysis results in the degradation of glucose and production of high energy molecules -ATP and NADPH. In the citric acid cycle, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA takes place through a series of chemical reactions to release high-energy molecules-ATP, NADH and, also CO_2. In electron transport system, the redox reaction takes place to create an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient will help in driving ATP synthesis.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis comprises of ten biochemical reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, but it does not require oxygen for completion. The glycolysis also takes place in the anaerobic organism. The citric acid cycle is the second step of cellular respiration and provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle does not require oxygen directly; it only depends on the product, which is formed in the presence of oxygen by the electron transport chain. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. During ETC, the oxygen is consumed to form water.

Conclusion

The oxygen consumption is directly related to the electron transport system.

(b)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to CO₂ production.

Introduction: Glycolysis is the first step in the splitting of glucose into pyruvates and extract energy for cellular respiration. In citric acid cycle, the acetyl CoA is modified using mitochondrial enzymes and high energy intermediates are produced. These intermediates will be used in the next step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration. The pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis can further be oxidized to carbon dioxide and two carbon acetyl group, but this oxidation of pyruvate is not a part of glycolysis. The second step of cellular respiration is citric acid cycle which provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH during the citric acid cycle releases CO_2. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived. There is no production of carbon dioxide during the electron transport chain.

Conclusion

The carbon dioxide production is directly associated with the citric acid cycle.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1CC

Cellular metabolism review: which of the following three metabolic pathways—glycolysis, the citric acid cycle. and the electron transport system—is directly associated with (a) O₂ consumption and with (b) CO₂ production?

(a)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to O₂ consumption.

Introduction: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which conversion of glucose (6 carbon compounds) into pyruvate (3 carbon compound) takes place. Glycolysis results in the degradation of glucose and production of high energy molecules -ATP and NADPH. In the citric acid cycle, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA takes place through a series of chemical reactions to release high-energy molecules-ATP, NADH and, also CO_2. In electron transport system, the redox reaction takes place to create an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient will help in driving ATP synthesis.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis comprises of ten biochemical reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, but it does not require oxygen for completion. The glycolysis also takes place in the anaerobic organism. The citric acid cycle is the second step of cellular respiration and provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle does not require oxygen directly; it only depends on the product, which is formed in the presence of oxygen by the electron transport chain. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. During ETC, the oxygen is consumed to form water.

Conclusion

The oxygen consumption is directly related to the electron transport system.

(b)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to CO₂ production.

Introduction: Glycolysis is the first step in the splitting of glucose into pyruvates and extract energy for cellular respiration. In citric acid cycle, the acetyl CoA is modified using mitochondrial enzymes and high energy intermediates are produced. These intermediates will be used in the next step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration. The pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis can further be oxidized to carbon dioxide and two carbon acetyl group, but this oxidation of pyruvate is not a part of glycolysis. The second step of cellular respiration is citric acid cycle which provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH during the citric acid cycle releases CO_2. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived. There is no production of carbon dioxide during the electron transport chain.

Conclusion

The carbon dioxide production is directly associated with the citric acid cycle.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

(a)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to O₂ consumption.

Introduction: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which conversion of glucose (6 carbon compounds) into pyruvate (3 carbon compound) takes place. Glycolysis results in the degradation of glucose and production of high energy molecules -ATP and NADPH. In the citric acid cycle, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA takes place through a series of chemical reactions to release high-energy molecules-ATP, NADH and, also CO_2. In electron transport system, the redox reaction takes place to create an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient will help in driving ATP synthesis.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis comprises of ten biochemical reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, but it does not require oxygen for completion. The glycolysis also takes place in the anaerobic organism. The citric acid cycle is the second step of cellular respiration and provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle does not require oxygen directly; it only depends on the product, which is formed in the presence of oxygen by the electron transport chain. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. During ETC, the oxygen is consumed to form water.

Conclusion

The oxygen consumption is directly related to the electron transport system.

(b)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to CO₂ production.

Introduction: Glycolysis is the first step in the splitting of glucose into pyruvates and extract energy for cellular respiration. In citric acid cycle, the acetyl CoA is modified using mitochondrial enzymes and high energy intermediates are produced. These intermediates will be used in the next step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration. The pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis can further be oxidized to carbon dioxide and two carbon acetyl group, but this oxidation of pyruvate is not a part of glycolysis. The second step of cellular respiration is citric acid cycle which provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH during the citric acid cycle releases CO_2. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived. There is no production of carbon dioxide during the electron transport chain.

Conclusion

The carbon dioxide production is directly associated with the citric acid cycle.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to O₂ consumption.

Introduction: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which conversion of glucose (6 carbon compounds) into pyruvate (3 carbon compound) takes place. Glycolysis results in the degradation of glucose and production of high energy molecules -ATP and NADPH. In the citric acid cycle, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA takes place through a series of chemical reactions to release high-energy molecules-ATP, NADH and, also CO_2. In electron transport system, the redox reaction takes place to create an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient will help in driving ATP synthesis.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis comprises of ten biochemical reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, but it does not require oxygen for completion. The glycolysis also takes place in the anaerobic organism. The citric acid cycle is the second step of cellular respiration and provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle does not require oxygen directly; it only depends on the product, which is formed in the presence of oxygen by the electron transport chain. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. During ETC, the oxygen is consumed to form water.

Conclusion

The oxygen consumption is directly related to the electron transport system.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to O₂ consumption.

Introduction: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which conversion of glucose (6 carbon compounds) into pyruvate (3 carbon compound) takes place. Glycolysis results in the degradation of glucose and production of high energy molecules -ATP and NADPH. In the citric acid cycle, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA takes place through a series of chemical reactions to release high-energy molecules-ATP, NADH and, also CO_2. In electron transport system, the redox reaction takes place to create an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient will help in driving ATP synthesis.

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis comprises of ten biochemical reactions to convert glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, but it does not require oxygen for completion. The glycolysis also takes place in the anaerobic organism. The citric acid cycle is the second step of cellular respiration and provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle does not require oxygen directly; it only depends on the product, which is formed in the presence of oxygen by the electron transport chain. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. During ETC, the oxygen is consumed to form water.

Answer 14

Conclusion

The oxygen consumption is directly related to the electron transport system.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to CO₂ production.

Introduction: Glycolysis is the first step in the splitting of glucose into pyruvates and extract energy for cellular respiration. In citric acid cycle, the acetyl CoA is modified using mitochondrial enzymes and high energy intermediates are produced. These intermediates will be used in the next step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived.

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration. The pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis can further be oxidized to carbon dioxide and two carbon acetyl group, but this oxidation of pyruvate is not a part of glycolysis. The second step of cellular respiration is citric acid cycle which provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH during the citric acid cycle releases CO_2. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived. There is no production of carbon dioxide during the electron transport chain.

Conclusion

The carbon dioxide production is directly associated with the citric acid cycle.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain is directly related to CO₂ production.

Introduction: Glycolysis is the first step in the splitting of glucose into pyruvates and extract energy for cellular respiration. In citric acid cycle, the acetyl CoA is modified using mitochondrial enzymes and high energy intermediates are produced. These intermediates will be used in the next step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived.

Answer 20

Explanation of Solution

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration. The pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis can further be oxidized to carbon dioxide and two carbon acetyl group, but this oxidation of pyruvate is not a part of glycolysis. The second step of cellular respiration is citric acid cycle which provides energy molecules-NADH, FADH₂ to electron transport chain after oxidation of acetyl CoA. The reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH during the citric acid cycle releases CO_2. Electron transport chain (ETC) is the part of the last step of cellular respiration. In electron transport chain, a proton gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane and .ATP synthesis is derived. There is no production of carbon dioxide during the electron transport chain.