Chapter 18, Problem 18.57P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason behind not forming any amide produts by the reaction of acetic acid with ammonia in water has to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Acid- base neutralization reaction: it is a double displacement reaction in which an acid and a base react to form an ionic compound (salt) and water.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason behind decreasing of $\text{pH}$ by the reaction of acetyl chloride with water has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The value $\text{pH}$ of a solution is a figure that expresses the acidity or the alkalinity of a given solution.

If the value of $\text{pH}$ is less than $7$, then the solution is acidic whereas if the value of $\text{pH}$ is greater than $7$, then the solution is basic.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. If the reaction is carried out with the help of an acid it is said to be an acid catalysed hydrolysis.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason behind the fact that the hydrolysis of an amide at neutral $\text{pH}$ takes several years at room temperature while the hydrolysis of an acid chloride takes a few minutes have to be given.

Concept introduction:

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves the chemical compound with pair of electrons in a heterolytic bond cleavage. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Amide is an organic compound in which a carbonyl group $C=O$ bonded to a nitrogen atom.

The normal reaction of an amide with water does not give good yield of product. As amides are least reactive carboxylic acid derivatives so to increase the reactivity of amides a mineral acid is added.