(a) Interpretation: The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn. Concept introduction: The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

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In the video, we looked at the absorbance of a certain substance and how it varies depending on what wavelength of light we are looking at. Below is a similar scan of a different substance. What color BEST describes how this substance will appear? Absorbance (AU) Violet Blue Green Orange 1.2 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.2 0.0 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength (nm) violet indigo blue green yellow orange red Red O Cannot tell from this information In the above graph, what causes -450 nm wavelength of light to have a higher absorbance than light with a -550 nm wavelength? Check all that are true. The distance the light travels is different The different data points are for different substances The concentration is different at different times in the experiment Epsilon (molar absortivity) is different at different wavelengths

5. a. Data were collected for Trial 1 to determine the molar mass of a nonvolatile solid solute when dissolved in cyclo- hexane. Complete the table for the analysis (See Report Sheet). Record calculated values with the correct number of significant figures. B. Freezing Point of Cyclohexane plus Calculation Zone Unknown Solute 2. Mass of cyclohexane (g) 10.14 Part C.4 3. Mass of added solute (g) 0.255 C. Calculations 1. k; for cyclohexane (°C⚫ kg/mol) 20.0 2. Freezing point change, AT, (°C) 3.04 Part C.6 3. Mass of cyclohexane in solution (kg) 4. Moles of solute, total (mol) Show calculation. 5. Mass of solute in solution, total (g) 6. Molar mass of solute (g/mol) Show calculation.

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.45P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as acid as well as a base depending on availability and the reaction condition.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The mechanism and product for the given reaction are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The carbonyl carbon is electrophilic in nature due to the electronegativity difference. The nucleophile adds the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. Since water is amphoteric in nature, it can act as an acid as well as base depending on availability and the reaction condition. The α,β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone possesses two electrophilic centers – one is carbonyl carbon itself and second is the β carbon of the compound. Due to the resonance, there are two possible attacks for the nucleophile. When the nucleophile adds the carbonyl carbon, it is called a 1, 2-addtion product or direct addition product, and it is an irreversible addition as carbonyl group is not regenerated. Instead, alcohol is formed as the product on the acid or protic workup. When the nucleophile adds β carbon of the carbonyl compound, it is called 1, 4-addition product or conjugate addition product, and it is a reversible addition as the carbonyl group is regenerated on the acid or protic workup.

Answer 10

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Answer 13

Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.6P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.7P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.8P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10P

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