Failure of Gray cast iron pipe in the natural gas distribution system needs to be explained. Concept Introduction: Electrochemical corrosion takes place when metal atoms become ions by losing electrons. Electrochemical corrosion takes place in an aqueous solution where ions are present in water. The process in which electrochemical corrosion creates an electric circuit is known as an electrochemical cell. An electrochemical cell is able to generate energy from a chemical reaction or uses energy to produce a chemical reaction. Corrosion may lead to the failure of substance. Gray cast iron is a type of cast iron having graphic structure. Gray cast iron has resistance to oxidation and high compressive strength.

Question

Figure 2 3) *** The circuit of Figure 3 is designed with W/L = 20/0.18, λ= 0, and ID = 0.25 mA. (Optional- 20 points) a) Compute the required gate bias voltage. b) With such a gate voltage, how much can W/L be increased while M1 remains in saturation? What is the maximum voltage gain that can be achieved as W/L increases? VDD = 1.8 V RD 2k - Vout Vin M₁ Figure 3

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.3P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Failure of Gray cast iron pipe in the natural gas distribution system needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Electrochemical corrosion takes place when metal atoms become ions by losing electrons.

Electrochemical corrosion takes place in an aqueous solution where ions are present in water.

The process in which electrochemical corrosion creates an electric circuit is known as an electrochemical cell.

An electrochemical cell is able to generate energy from a chemical reaction or uses energy to produce a chemical reaction.

Corrosion may lead to the failure of substance.

Gray cast iron is a type of cast iron having graphic structure. Gray cast iron has resistance to oxidation and high compressive strength.

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Figure 2 3) *** The circuit of Figure 3 is designed with W/L = 20/0.18, λ= 0, and ID = 0.25 mA. (Optional- 20 points) a) Compute the required gate bias voltage. b) With such a gate voltage, how much can W/L be increased while M1 remains in saturation? What is the maximum voltage gain that can be achieved as W/L increases? VDD = 1.8 V RD 2k - Vout Vin M₁ Figure 3

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