Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781118516461
Author: Neil D. Jespersen, Alison Hyslop
Publisher: WILEY
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Textbook Question
Chapter 18, Problem 13RQ
Spontaneous Change
At constant pressure, what role does the enthalpy change play in determining the spontaneity of an event?
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Chapter 18 Solutions
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter
Ch. 18 - Molecules of an ideal gas have no intermolecular...Ch. 18 - If a gas is compressed under adiabatic conditions...Ch. 18 - Calculate the difference, in kilojoules, between...Ch. 18 - The reaction CaO(s)+2HCl(g)CaCl2(s)+H2O(g) has...Ch. 18 - Are the following processes spontaneous? (a) Ice...Ch. 18 - The following processes are nor spontaneous as...Ch. 18 - Would you expect the to be positive or negative...Ch. 18 - Predict the sign of the entropy change for (a) the...Ch. 18 - Predict the sing of S for the following reactions:...Ch. 18 - Would you expect the following reactions to be...
Ch. 18 - What change in temperature would make the process...Ch. 18 - Calculate SfforNH3(g). (Hint: Write the equation...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change, S,inJK-1...Ch. 18 - Prob. 14PECh. 18 - Use the data in Table 6.2 and Table 18.1 to...Ch. 18 - Calculate for the reaction of iron(III) oxide...Ch. 18 - Calculate Greaction in kilojoules for the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the maximum work that could be obtained...Ch. 18 - Calculate the maximum work that could be obtained...Ch. 18 - The heat of vaporization of ammonia is and the...Ch. 18 - The heat of vaporization of mercury is 60.7...Ch. 18 - Use the data in Table 18.2 to determine whether...Ch. 18 - Use the data in Table 18.2 to determine whether we...Ch. 18 - In Examples 18.3 and 18.4 we computed SandH for...Ch. 18 - Use the data in Table 18.2 to determine for the...Ch. 18 - Calculate for the reaction described in the...Ch. 18 - In which direction will the reaction described in...Ch. 18 - The reaction...Ch. 18 - The reaction...Ch. 18 - Determine the heat of formation of gaseous...Ch. 18 - Determine the heat of formation of gaseous...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics
18.1 What is the...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics
18.2 State the first...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics
18.3 How is a change...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics
18.4 What is the...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics Which quantities in...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics Which thermodynamic...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.7 What are the...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics If there is a decrease...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics Which of the following...Ch. 18 - Spontaneous Change What is a spontaneous change?...Ch. 18 - Spontaneous Change List five changes that you have...Ch. 18 - Spontaneous Change
18.12 Which of the items that...Ch. 18 - Spontaneous Change At constant pressure, what role...Ch. 18 - Spontaneous Change How do the probabilities of the...Ch. 18 - Entropy An instant cold pack purchased in a...Ch. 18 - Entropy What is entropy?Ch. 18 - Entropy How is the entropy of a substance affected...Ch. 18 - Entropy
18.18 Will the entropy change for each of...Ch. 18 - Entropy On the basis of our definition of entropy,...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics State the second law...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics How can a process...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics Explain the terms...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics Explain how the...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.24 What is the...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics Define Gibbs free...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.26 In terms of the...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics Under what...Ch. 18 - Third Law of Thermodynamics State the third law of...Ch. 18 - Third Law of Thermodynamics Explain why the units...Ch. 18 - Third Law of Thermodynamics Explain why the values...Ch. 18 - Third Law of Thermodynamics Would you expect the...Ch. 18 - Third Law of Thermodynamics Why does entropy...Ch. 18 - Third Law of Thermodynamics Does glass have S = 0...Ch. 18 - Standard Free Energy Change, G What is the...Ch. 18 - Standard Free Energy Change, G Why can G be...Ch. 18 - Maximum Work and G How is free energy related to...Ch. 18 - Maximum Work and
18.37 What is a...Ch. 18 - Maximum Work and G How is the rate at which energy...Ch. 18 - Maximum Work and
18.39 When glucose is oxidized...Ch. 18 - Maximum Work and G Why are real, observable...Ch. 18 - Free Energy and Equilibrium
18.41 In what way is...Ch. 18 - Free Energy and Equilibrium How can boiling points...Ch. 18 - Free Energy and Equilibrium Considering the fact...Ch. 18 - Free Energy and Equilibrium When a warm object is...Ch. 18 - Free Energy and Equilibrium Sketch the shape of...Ch. 18 - Free Energy and Equilibrium Many reactions that...Ch. 18 - Equilibrium Constants and
18.47 Suppose a...Ch. 18 - Equilibrium Constants and G Write the equation...Ch. 18 - Equilibrium Constants and G How is the equilibrium...Ch. 18 - Equilibrium Constants and
18.50 What is the value...Ch. 18 - Equilibrium Constants and
18.51 How does the...Ch. 18 - Bond Energies Define the term atomization enerey.Ch. 18 - Bond Energies Why are the heats of formation of...Ch. 18 - Bond Energies The gaseous C2 molecule has a bond...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics
18.55 A certain system...Ch. 18 - First Law of Thermodynamics The value of E for a...Ch. 18 - 18.57 Suppose that you were pumping an automobile...Ch. 18 - 18.58 Consider the reaction between aqueous...Ch. 18 - Calculate H and E for the following reactions at...Ch. 18 - Calculate H and E for the following reactions at...Ch. 18 - The reaction 2N2O(g)2N2(g)+O2(g) has H=-163.14kJ....Ch. 18 - 18.62 A 10.0 L vessel at contains butane, , at a...Ch. 18 - Spontaneous Change Predict the sign of S for the...Ch. 18 - Spontaneous Change
18.64 Predict the sign of for...Ch. 18 - 18.65 Use the data from Table 6.2 to calculate ...Ch. 18 - Use the data from Table 6.2 to calculate H for the...Ch. 18 - Entropy There are two chemical systems, A and B,...Ch. 18 - Entropy
18.68 A chemical system has three panicles...Ch. 18 - Which system has a higher entropy? Explain your...Ch. 18 - Which system has a higher entropy?Ch. 18 - What factors must you consider to determine the...Ch. 18 - 18.72 What factors must you consider to determine...Ch. 18 - 18.73 Predict the algebraic sign of the entropy...Ch. 18 - 18.74 Predict the algebraic sign of the entropy...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics Under what conditions...Ch. 18 - Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.76 Under what...Ch. 18 - Third Law of Thermodynamics Calculate S for the...Ch. 18 - Third Law of Thermodynamics
18.78 Calculate for...Ch. 18 - Calculate Sfo for these compounds in J mol-1K-1....Ch. 18 - Calculate Sfo for these compounds in J mol-1K-1....Ch. 18 - Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, an air pollutant, dissolves...Ch. 18 - Good wine will turn to vinegar if it is left...Ch. 18 - Standard Free Energy Change, G Phosgene, COCl2,...Ch. 18 - Standard Free Energy Change, G Aluminum oxidizes...Ch. 18 - 18.85 Compute in kJ for the following reactions,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 86RQCh. 18 - Given the following,...Ch. 18 - *18.88 Given the following reactions and their ...Ch. 18 - Maximum Work and G Gasohol is a mixture of...Ch. 18 - Maximum Work and
18.90 What is the maximum amount...Ch. 18 - Free Energy and Equilibrium
18.91 Chloroform,...Ch. 18 - For the melting of aluminum,...Ch. 18 - Isooctane, a minor constituent of gasoline, has a...Ch. 18 - Acetone (nail polish remover) has a boiling point...Ch. 18 - 18.95 Determine whether the following reaction...Ch. 18 - Which of the following reactions (equations...Ch. 18 - Equilibrium Constants and G Calculate the value of...Ch. 18 - Equilibrium Constants and
18.98 Calculate the...Ch. 18 - 18.99 The reaction . A 1.00 L reaction vessel at ...Ch. 18 - The reaction...Ch. 18 - A reaction that can convert coal to methane (the...Ch. 18 - 18.102 One of the important reactions in living...Ch. 18 - What is the value of the equilibrium constant for...Ch. 18 - Methanol, a potential replacement for gasoline as...Ch. 18 - Bond Energies
18.105 Use the data in Table 18.4 to...Ch. 18 - 18.106 Approximately how much energy would be...Ch. 18 - 18.107 The standard heat of formation of ethanol...Ch. 18 - The standard heat of formation of ethylene,...Ch. 18 - Carbon disulfide, CS2, has the Lewis structure ,...Ch. 18 - Gaseous hydrogen sulfide, H2S,hasHf=20.15kJmol-1....Ch. 18 - 18.111 For . Use the data in Table 18.3 to...Ch. 18 - 18.112 Use the results of the preceding problem...Ch. 18 - Use the data in Tables 18.3 and 18.4 to estimate...Ch. 18 - What would be the approximate heat of formation of...Ch. 18 - *18.115 Which substance should have the more...Ch. 18 - Would you expect the value of Hf for benzene,...Ch. 18 - 18.117 Look at Table C.2 in Appendix C. Some of...Ch. 18 - Calculate the G for the dissolution of calcium...Ch. 18 - 18.119 If pressure is expressed in atmospheres and...Ch. 18 - 18.120 Calculate the work, in joules, done by a...Ch. 18 - When an ideal gas expands at a constant...Ch. 18 - When a real gas expands at a constant temperature,...Ch. 18 - 18.123 An ideal gas in a cylinder fitted with a...Ch. 18 - A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 5.00 L of...Ch. 18 - The experiment described in Exercise 18.124 is...Ch. 18 - When potassium iodide dissolves in water, the...Ch. 18 - The enthalpy of combustion Hcombustiono, of oxalic...Ch. 18 - Many biochemical reactions have positive values...Ch. 18 - *18.129 The reaction
has . Determine the value of...Ch. 18 - At 1500C,Kc=5.67 for the reaction...Ch. 18 - 18.131 Given the following reactions and their...Ch. 18 - *18.132 At room temperature , the gas ClNO is...Ch. 18 - *18.133 The reaction
has are placed in a 2.00 L...Ch. 18 - Use the data in Table 18.3 to calculate the bond...Ch. 18 - 18.135 The heat of vaporization of carbon...Ch. 18 - At 25C, 0.0560molO2and0.020molN2O were placed in a...Ch. 18 - For the substance SO2F2(g),Hfo=-858kJmol-1. The...Ch. 18 - *18.138 Ethyl alcohol, , has been suggested as an...Ch. 18 - When solutions of sodium hydroxide are used to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 140RQCh. 18 - A certain weak acid has a pKa of 5.83. When 100.0...Ch. 18 - The average CH bond energy calculated using the...Ch. 18 - 18.144 If a catalyst were able to affect the...Ch. 18 - At the beginning of this chapter we noted that the...
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- Coal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating plants. Coal is a complex material, but for simplicity we may consider it to be a form of carbon. The energy that can be derived from a fuel is sometimes compared with the enthalpy of the combustion reaction: C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction at 25C. Actually, only a fraction of the heat from this reaction is available to produce electric energy. In electric generating plants, this reaction is used to generate heat for a steam engine, which turns the generator. Basically the steam engine is a type of heat engine in which steam enters the engine at high temperature (Th), work is done, and the steam then exits at a lower temperature (Tl). The maximum fraction, f, of heat available to produce useful energy depends on the difference between these temperatures (expressed in kelvins), f = (Th Tl)/Th. What is the maximum heat energy available for useful work from the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g)? (Assume the value of H calculated at 25C for the heat obtained in the generator.) It is possible to consider more efficient ways to obtain useful energy from a fuel. For example, methane can be burned in a fuel cell to generate electricity directly. The maximum useful energy obtained in these cases is the maximum work, which equals the free-energy change. Calculate the standard free-energy change for the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g). Compare this value with the maximum obtained with the heat engine described here.arrow_forwardWhen 1.000 g of gaseous butane, C4H10, is burned at 25C and 1.00 atm pressure, H2O(l) and CO2(g) are formed with the evolution of 49.50 kJ of heat. a Calculate the molar enthalpy of formation of butane. (Use enthalpy of formation data for H2O and CO2.) b Gf of butane is 17.2 kJ/mol. What is G for the combustion of 1 mol butane? c From a and b, calculate S for the combustion of 1 mol butane.arrow_forwardA pot of cold water is heated on a stove, and when the water boils, a fresh egg is placed in the water to cook. Describe the events that are occurring in terms of the zeroth law of thermodynamics.arrow_forward
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