ETEXT CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS INSTANT
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780135964422
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 17, Problem 8TYU
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The given mechanism of the success of viruses in the way they evolve, the way in which they escape the host defense mechanisms as an example of microcosm and the viral lineages that tend to predominate.
Introduction:
Microcosm is a term the meaning of which is that it is a miniature representation of something, especially a unit, group, or place that is regarded as a copy of a larger one. There are many factors on which the evolution of amicro-organism depends. They can be changes in the environment, administration of any drug(s) mutation and many more.
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The success of some viruses lies in their ability to evolve rapidly within the host. Such a virus evades the host's defenses by mutating and producing many altered progeny viruses before the body can mount an attack. Thus, the viruses present late in infection differ from those that initially infected the body. Discuss this as an example of evolution in a microcosm. Which viral lineages tend to predominate?
Select all the following statements that are TRUE regarding viruses:
□ All viruses are potentially dangerous to humans because any virus can infect any host.
□ Viruses are fastidious pathogens that require complex growth media.
□ Viruses are noncellular particles that take over the metabolism of a cell to generate more virus particles.
□ Viruses are genomes made of RNA and DNA that lack many protein.
□ Viruses can infect all other known life forms on earth, from Archaea to humans.
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Chapter 17 Solutions
ETEXT CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS INSTANT
Ch. 17.1 - Compare the structures of tobacco mosaic virus and...Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 17.2 - Compare the effect on the host cell of a ly1ic...Ch. 17.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS The RNA virus in Figure 17.7 has...Ch. 17.2 - Why is HIV called a retrovirus?Ch. 17.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Compare the CRISPR system to the...Ch. 17.3 - Describe two ways in which a preexisting virus...Ch. 17.3 - Contrast horizontal and vertical transmission of...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17 - which of me following characteristics. structures....
Ch. 17 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 17 - A human pandemic is A. a viral disease that...Ch. 17 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 17 - RNA viruses require their own supply of certain...Ch. 17 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 17 - FOCUS ON ORGANIZATION While viruses are considered...Ch. 17 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Oseltamivir (Tamiflu),...
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- Figure 17.6 Influenza virus is packaged in a viral envelope, which fuses with the plasma membrane. This way, the virus can exit the host cell without killing it. What advantage does the virus gain by keeping the host cell alive?arrow_forwardArrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA integrated into host DNA 2.viral proteins synthesized on host ribosomes 3. viral DNA uses host enzymes to transcribe viral RNA 4. reverse transcriptase catalyzes synthesis of ssDNA 5. synthesis of second DNA strand (a) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (e) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5arrow_forwardCoronaviridae is a virus “family.” There are actually many different coronaviruses within this group, including less pathogenic virus strains that cause the common cold. Many people in this course have likely been infected with one of these other coronaviruses. A common feature of coronaviruses and other RNA viruses (think influenza virus, HIV, etc.) is that they mutate frequently. This is because the viral enzymes that copy the genome during replication can’t fix mistakes. Given this information, how might we be able to distinguish the SARS-CoV-2 strain from some of the other, less concerning, coronavirus strains?arrow_forward
- Why are viruses not grouped into any of the six kingdoms? They are not capable of independent metabolic activity. O They are not capable of existing outside a host cell. O They are only capable of reproducing outside a host cell. O They are surrounded by a capsid that consists mostly of proteins.arrow_forwardWhich of the following components of a virus is NOT encoded by its own genome? O capsid of HIV O lipid bilayer of HIV envelope O spike glycoproteins of HIV envelope O anchoring structures of bacteriophagearrow_forwardO O O A new virus is discovered. Its RNA genome encodes several proteins, including a reverse transcriptase enzyme. What can you conclude about replication of this virus? Its replication involves a double-stranded RNA intermediate Its replication involves a DNA copy of its genome Its replication depends entirely on cellular enzymes Its replication is entirely independent of cellular enzymes 00 A deficiency in Base Excision Repair (BER) would primarily sensitize you to mutations caused by radiation, X-rays O Chemicals in smoke, and UV radiation O Unavoidable, spontaneously occurring DNA damagearrow_forward
- Which of the following happens to the viral nucleic acid during a lysogenic cycle cycle? a-the viral DNA immediately takes over the host cell genetic material b-it bursts the host cell c-the viral DNA forms a provirus d-the viral DNA is used to attach the bacteriophage to the host cell`s receptorsarrow_forwardproduce a diagram of the replication of a viral genome of stranded RNA simple [+] and mRNA production via Reverse Transcriptase. Produce a diagram of the replication and early maturation of a virus wrapped Produce a diagram of the replication and early maturation of a virus naked. Produce a diagram of the release of an enveloped virus by budding.arrow_forwardAll viral genomes contain nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA but not both. Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cell. Viruses must first enter the host cell before viral replication can occur. After gaining entry into a cell, the viral genome has to be first replicated using either the host DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase You are studying two viruses: Virus A is an enveloped RNA virus Virus B is non-enveloped DNA virus Which of the above viruses is likely to have the lowest mutation rate in the host cell? O Virus A because it uses the host RNA polymerase which has lower error rate than DNA polymerase. O Virus A because it uses the host DNA polymerase which has lower error rate than RNA polymerase. O Virus B because it uses the host DNA polymerase which has lower error rate than RNA polymerase. O Virus B because it uses the host RNA polymerase which has lower error rate than DNA polymerase.arrow_forward
- Endocytosed enveloped viruses leave endosomal compartments at some point during endosome maturation and fusion with the lysosome. But some types of viruses escape earlier in that process than others. What is one reason why escape might happen at different points?arrow_forwardWhich type of interaction is least harmful to the host?arrow_forwardBecause viruses lack some of the traits seen in all living things, many scientists do not believe viruses to be genuinely "alive." Using a few characteristics of live organisms as examples, explain why viruses may not be truly "alive."arrow_forward
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