Whether the following statements are true or false. Also, rectify the false statements. a. The rapid depolarization phase of the contractile cell action potential is due to the opening of voltage-gated potassium ion channels. b. Pacemaker cells lack a distinct plateau phase. c. The plateau phase in contractile cells is due to the influx of calcium ions through calcium ion channels. d. The repolarization of the contractile cell is due to the potassium ions rushing into the cell through potassium ion channels. e. Open sodium ion channels cause hyperpolarization in pacemaker cells, which triggers the HCN channels to open and begins a new action potential. Introduction: The action potentials are generated in the myocardium or the heart muscles due to the opening of Na + (sodium ion) channels. The Na + are positively-charged and are present in a lower concentration inside the cells as compared to the outside. When the Na + channels open, the Na + rush inside the cells due to the concentration gradient. This makes the inner membrane of the cell temporarily positive. This phase is called the depolarized phase. After a few seconds, the Na + channels close and the K + (potassium ion) channels open. The K + are present in ahigher concentration inside the cells as compared to outside. Hence, the K + move out of the cells and the inner cell membrane again becomes negative. This stage is called the repolarized state of the cell.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 8CYR

Summary Introduction

To review:

Whether the following statements are true or false. Also, rectify the false statements.

a. The rapid depolarization phase of the contractile cell action potential is due to the opening of voltage-gated potassium ion channels.

b. Pacemaker cells lack a distinct plateau phase.

c. The plateau phase in contractile cells is due to the influx of calcium ions through calcium ion channels.

d. The repolarization of the contractile cell is due to the potassium ions rushing into the cell through potassium ion channels.

e. Open sodium ion channels cause hyperpolarization in pacemaker cells, which triggers the HCN channels to open and begins a new action potential.

Introduction:

The action potentials are generated in the myocardium or the heart muscles due to the opening of Na⁺ (sodium ion) channels. The Na⁺ are positively-charged and are present in a lower concentration inside the cells as compared to the outside. When the Na⁺ channels open, the Na⁺ rush inside the cells due to the concentration gradient. This makes the inner membrane of the cell temporarily positive. This phase is called the depolarized phase. After a few seconds, the Na⁺ channels close and the K⁺ (potassium ion) channels open. The K⁺ are present in ahigher concentration inside the cells as compared to outside. Hence, the K⁺ move out of the cells and the inner cell membrane again becomes negative. This stage is called the repolarized state of the cell.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

Build a model of a prokaryotic cell using any material of your choice. In your model be sure to include all the structures appropriate to your cell. You may model a bacterial cell or an archaea. You will model at least 4 structures in any model. Next, build a model of a virus using the same type of materials. You may choose any type of virus but be sure you can illustrate the key features of a virus (head shape for example). Once complete, take multiple photographs of your models from all angles. Include these images in a document that also contains the following completed table format. You may need to add rows to your table depending on the type of prokaryote you model. Structure Model Key Found in Different in Function Virus Virus Once your model is complete, write a brief description of your cell and your virus. Emphasize features that are absent in viruses that classify them as non-living. You can refer to specific structures in your table in this explanation. Some suggestions for…

(This is a 2-part work, Part 1 is done, only Part 2 is to be worked on at the bottom)Part 1 (Done): Describe the levels of structural hierarchy for the human body, starting with the organismal level and ending with the chemical level. In addition, you should make sure you link each level to the previous level, emphasizing the structural relationships. The human body is organized into a structural hierarchy that progresses from the macroscopic organismal level down to the microscopic chemical level. Each level builds upon the previous one, creating increasingly complex structures. Below is the hierarchy, from largest to smallest, with explanations linking each level to its predecessor: 1. Organismal Level The entire living human body.Relationship: All lower levels work together to sustain life at this highest level. 2. Organ System Level Groups of organs working together to perform major functions.Examples: circulatory, nervous, digestive systems.Relationship: The organismal…

Describe the levels of structural hierarchy for the human body, starting with the organismal level and ending with the chemical level. In addition, you should make sure you link each level to the previous level, emphasizing the structural relationships.