If you calculate a value for ∆ G ° for a reaction using the values of Δ G f ∘ in Appendix 4 and get a negative number, is it correct to say that the reaction is always spontaneous? Why or why not? Free energy changes also depend on concentration. For gases, how is G related to the pressure of the gas? What are standard pressures for gases and standard concentrations for solutes? How do you calculate ∆ G for a reaction at nonstandard conditions? The equation to determine ∆G at nonstandard conditions has Q in it: What is Q ? A reaction is spontaneous as long as ∆ G is negative; that is, reactions always proceed as long as the products have a lower free energy than the reactants. What is so special about equilibrium? Why don’t reactions move away from equilibrium?
If you calculate a value for ∆ G ° for a reaction using the values of Δ G f ∘ in Appendix 4 and get a negative number, is it correct to say that the reaction is always spontaneous? Why or why not? Free energy changes also depend on concentration. For gases, how is G related to the pressure of the gas? What are standard pressures for gases and standard concentrations for solutes? How do you calculate ∆ G for a reaction at nonstandard conditions? The equation to determine ∆G at nonstandard conditions has Q in it: What is Q ? A reaction is spontaneous as long as ∆ G is negative; that is, reactions always proceed as long as the products have a lower free energy than the reactants. What is so special about equilibrium? Why don’t reactions move away from equilibrium?
Solution Summary: The author explains that thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature, and its relation with energy and work. It helps predict whether a process will take place or not.
If you calculate a value for ∆G° for a reaction using the values of
Δ
G
f
∘
in Appendix 4 and get a negative number, is it correct to say that the reaction is always spontaneous? Why or why not? Free energy changes also depend on concentration. For gases, how is G related to the pressure of the gas? What are standard pressures for gases and standard concentrations for solutes? How do you calculate ∆G for a reaction at nonstandard conditions? The equation to determine ∆G at nonstandard conditions has Q in it: What is Q? A reaction is spontaneous as long as ∆G is negative; that is, reactions always proceed as long as the products have a lower free energy than the reactants. What is so special about equilibrium? Why don’t reactions move away from equilibrium?
Fill in the blanks by selecting the appropriate term from below:
For a process that is non-spontaneous and that favors products at equilibrium, we know that a) ΔrG∘ΔrG∘ _________, b) ΔunivSΔunivS _________, c) ΔsysSΔsysS _________, and d) ΔrH∘ΔrH∘ _________.
Highest occupied molecular orbital
Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
Label all nodes and regions of highest and lowest electron density for both orbitals.
Relative Intensity
Part VI. consider the multi-step reaction below for compounds A, B, and C.
These compounds were subjected to mass spectrometric analysis and
the following spectra for A, B, and C was obtained.
Draw the structure of B and C and match all three compounds
to the correct spectra.
Relative Intensity
Relative Intensity
20
NaоH
0103
Br
(B)
H2504
→ (c)
(A)
100-
MS-NU-0547
80
40
20
31
10
20
100-
MS2016-05353CM
80
60
100
MS-NJ-09-3
80
60
40
20
45
J.L
80
S1
84
M+
absent
राग
135 137
S2
62
164 166
11
S3
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
m/z
Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections (2nd Edition)
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