For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column. a. basal factors 1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions a. repressors 2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele a. CpG 3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically a. imprinting 4. site of DNA methylation a. miRNA 5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors a. coactivators 6. bind to enhancers a. epigenetic effect 7. bind to promoters a. insulator 8. bind to activators a. enhancer 9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally a. ChIP-Seq 10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a.	basal factors	1.	organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
a.	repressors	2.	pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
a.	CpG	3.	activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
a.	imprinting	4.	site of DNA methylation
a.	miRNA	5.	identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
a.	coactivators	6.	bind to enhancers
a.	epigenetic effect	7.	bind to promoters
a.	insulator	8.	bind to activators
a.	enhancer	9.	prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
a.	ChIP-Seq	10.	heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “basal factors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Basal transcription factors are a group of general transcription factors that play a key role in the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Basal factors: Bind to promoters

Explanation of Solution

Basal factors are classified as sequence specific proteins. These factors bind to the promoters and influences the process of transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “repressors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Repressors are a type of transcription factors that bind to enhancers and inhibit the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Repressors: Bind to enhancers

Explanation of Solution

Repressors are the transcription factors present in eukaryotes. They bind to the enhancers and prevent transcription initiation.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “CpG” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Almost 70 to 80% of cytosines present in CpG islands are methylated. The process of mehtlyation incase of CpG islands is mediated by DNA methyltransferase.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

CpG: Site of DNA methylation

Explanation of Solution

CpG dinucleotide is the site of methylation. Here the methyl group is added at the 5^th carbon of the cytosine base on one strand of double helix DNA.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “imprinting” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Impriting is the term that is majorily concerned with the branch of biology called epigenetics.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Imprinting: Pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

Explanation of Solution

Genome imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which allele expression depends on the parent that transmits it. In this phenomenon, the copy of the gene from one parent remains transcriptionally inactive, whereas the copy of the gene from other parent remains active.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “miRNA” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

miRNA or microRNA play a significant role in the process of post transcriptional gene silencing and gene regulation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

miRNA: Prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

Explanation of Solution

The miRNAs are the negative regulators of target mRNAs. As a result, they block the translation of mRNA and destabilizes it.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “coactivators” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Coactivator functions as a regulator and bind to activators to enhance the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Coactivators: Bind to activators

Explanation of Solution

Coactivators are the proteins that bind to the activators and open chromatin structure for gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epigenetic effect” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Epigentics deals with changes in the expression of the gene and epigenetic effect does not involve the role underlying DNA sequence.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epigenetic effect: Heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation.

Explanation of Solution

The epigenetic effect is observed in mammals especially in humans. It is the phenomenon in which the base sequence of DNA does not change. DNA methylation is responsible for altering the gene expression.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “insulator” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Insulators function as sites for the binding of specific DNA binding proteins. These insulators may function as enhancer blocker.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Insulator: Organizes enhancer/promoter interactions.

Explanation of Solution

Insulators are the DNA elements which help in the interaction of enhancer and a promoter that are present in the same loop. Insulators are the elements of DNA which form a loop from chromatin.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “enhancer” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Enhancers are specific region of DNA which increase the rate of transcription of a specific gene.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Enhancer: Activates gene transcription temporal-and tissue-specifically

Explanation of Solution

Enhancers are cis-acting sequences which control the gene regulation and have many binding sites for different activators and repressors. Therefore, they are responsible for tissue and temporal specific gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Chip-Seq” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Chip-Seq is sequencing methodology that can be used to determine the presence of transcription factors in the genome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ChIP-Seq: Identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

Explanation of Solution

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a technique which helps in the identification of target genes belonging to a specific transcription factor. The specific antibody identifies the target gene that regulates specific transcription factors.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

How does the cost of food affect the nutritional choices people make?

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics:Two-Compartment Model Zero-Order Absorption Questions SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution, report your regression lines and axes names (with units if appropriate) :Calculate a-q a) B1, b) B2, c) hybrid rate constant (1) d) hybrid rate constant (2) e) t1/2,dist f) t1/2,elim g) k10 h) k12 i) k21 j) initial concentration (C0) k) central compartment volume (V1) l) steady-state volume (Vss) m) clearance (CL) AUC (0→10 min) using trapezoidal rule n) AUC (20→30 min) using trapezoidal rule o) AUCtail (AUC360→∞) p) total AUC (using short cut method) q) volume from AUC (VAUC)

What are some external influences that keep people from making healthy eating decisions?

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a.	basal factors	1.	organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
a.	repressors	2.	pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
a.	CpG	3.	activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
a.	imprinting	4.	site of DNA methylation
a.	miRNA	5.	identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
a.	coactivators	6.	bind to enhancers
a.	epigenetic effect	7.	bind to promoters
a.	insulator	8.	bind to activators
a.	enhancer	9.	prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
a.	ChIP-Seq	10.	heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “basal factors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Basal transcription factors are a group of general transcription factors that play a key role in the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Basal factors: Bind to promoters

Explanation of Solution

Basal factors are classified as sequence specific proteins. These factors bind to the promoters and influences the process of transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “repressors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Repressors are a type of transcription factors that bind to enhancers and inhibit the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Repressors: Bind to enhancers

Explanation of Solution

Repressors are the transcription factors present in eukaryotes. They bind to the enhancers and prevent transcription initiation.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “CpG” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Almost 70 to 80% of cytosines present in CpG islands are methylated. The process of mehtlyation incase of CpG islands is mediated by DNA methyltransferase.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

CpG: Site of DNA methylation

Explanation of Solution

CpG dinucleotide is the site of methylation. Here the methyl group is added at the 5^th carbon of the cytosine base on one strand of double helix DNA.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “imprinting” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Impriting is the term that is majorily concerned with the branch of biology called epigenetics.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Imprinting: Pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

Explanation of Solution

Genome imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which allele expression depends on the parent that transmits it. In this phenomenon, the copy of the gene from one parent remains transcriptionally inactive, whereas the copy of the gene from other parent remains active.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “miRNA” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

miRNA or microRNA play a significant role in the process of post transcriptional gene silencing and gene regulation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

miRNA: Prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

Explanation of Solution

The miRNAs are the negative regulators of target mRNAs. As a result, they block the translation of mRNA and destabilizes it.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “coactivators” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Coactivator functions as a regulator and bind to activators to enhance the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Coactivators: Bind to activators

Explanation of Solution

Coactivators are the proteins that bind to the activators and open chromatin structure for gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epigenetic effect” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Epigentics deals with changes in the expression of the gene and epigenetic effect does not involve the role underlying DNA sequence.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epigenetic effect: Heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation.

Explanation of Solution

The epigenetic effect is observed in mammals especially in humans. It is the phenomenon in which the base sequence of DNA does not change. DNA methylation is responsible for altering the gene expression.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “insulator” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Insulators function as sites for the binding of specific DNA binding proteins. These insulators may function as enhancer blocker.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Insulator: Organizes enhancer/promoter interactions.

Explanation of Solution

Insulators are the DNA elements which help in the interaction of enhancer and a promoter that are present in the same loop. Insulators are the elements of DNA which form a loop from chromatin.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “enhancer” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Enhancers are specific region of DNA which increase the rate of transcription of a specific gene.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Enhancer: Activates gene transcription temporal-and tissue-specifically

Explanation of Solution

Enhancers are cis-acting sequences which control the gene regulation and have many binding sites for different activators and repressors. Therefore, they are responsible for tissue and temporal specific gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Chip-Seq” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Chip-Seq is sequencing methodology that can be used to determine the presence of transcription factors in the genome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ChIP-Seq: Identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

Explanation of Solution

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a technique which helps in the identification of target genes belonging to a specific transcription factor. The specific antibody identifies the target gene that regulates specific transcription factors.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a.	basal factors	1.	organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
a.	repressors	2.	pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
a.	CpG	3.	activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
a.	imprinting	4.	site of DNA methylation
a.	miRNA	5.	identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
a.	coactivators	6.	bind to enhancers
a.	epigenetic effect	7.	bind to promoters
a.	insulator	8.	bind to activators
a.	enhancer	9.	prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
a.	ChIP-Seq	10.	heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “basal factors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Basal transcription factors are a group of general transcription factors that play a key role in the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Basal factors: Bind to promoters

Explanation of Solution

Basal factors are classified as sequence specific proteins. These factors bind to the promoters and influences the process of transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “repressors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Repressors are a type of transcription factors that bind to enhancers and inhibit the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Repressors: Bind to enhancers

Explanation of Solution

Repressors are the transcription factors present in eukaryotes. They bind to the enhancers and prevent transcription initiation.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “CpG” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Almost 70 to 80% of cytosines present in CpG islands are methylated. The process of mehtlyation incase of CpG islands is mediated by DNA methyltransferase.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

CpG: Site of DNA methylation

Explanation of Solution

CpG dinucleotide is the site of methylation. Here the methyl group is added at the 5^th carbon of the cytosine base on one strand of double helix DNA.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “imprinting” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Impriting is the term that is majorily concerned with the branch of biology called epigenetics.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Imprinting: Pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

Explanation of Solution

Genome imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which allele expression depends on the parent that transmits it. In this phenomenon, the copy of the gene from one parent remains transcriptionally inactive, whereas the copy of the gene from other parent remains active.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “miRNA” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

miRNA or microRNA play a significant role in the process of post transcriptional gene silencing and gene regulation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

miRNA: Prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

Explanation of Solution

The miRNAs are the negative regulators of target mRNAs. As a result, they block the translation of mRNA and destabilizes it.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “coactivators” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Coactivator functions as a regulator and bind to activators to enhance the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Coactivators: Bind to activators

Explanation of Solution

Coactivators are the proteins that bind to the activators and open chromatin structure for gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epigenetic effect” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Epigentics deals with changes in the expression of the gene and epigenetic effect does not involve the role underlying DNA sequence.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epigenetic effect: Heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation.

Explanation of Solution

The epigenetic effect is observed in mammals especially in humans. It is the phenomenon in which the base sequence of DNA does not change. DNA methylation is responsible for altering the gene expression.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “insulator” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Insulators function as sites for the binding of specific DNA binding proteins. These insulators may function as enhancer blocker.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Insulator: Organizes enhancer/promoter interactions.

Explanation of Solution

Insulators are the DNA elements which help in the interaction of enhancer and a promoter that are present in the same loop. Insulators are the elements of DNA which form a loop from chromatin.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “enhancer” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Enhancers are specific region of DNA which increase the rate of transcription of a specific gene.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Enhancer: Activates gene transcription temporal-and tissue-specifically

Explanation of Solution

Enhancers are cis-acting sequences which control the gene regulation and have many binding sites for different activators and repressors. Therefore, they are responsible for tissue and temporal specific gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Chip-Seq” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Chip-Seq is sequencing methodology that can be used to determine the presence of transcription factors in the genome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ChIP-Seq: Identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

Explanation of Solution

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a technique which helps in the identification of target genes belonging to a specific transcription factor. The specific antibody identifies the target gene that regulates specific transcription factors.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a.	basal factors	1.	organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
a.	repressors	2.	pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
a.	CpG	3.	activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
a.	imprinting	4.	site of DNA methylation
a.	miRNA	5.	identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
a.	coactivators	6.	bind to enhancers
a.	epigenetic effect	7.	bind to promoters
a.	insulator	8.	bind to activators
a.	enhancer	9.	prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
a.	ChIP-Seq	10.	heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “basal factors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Basal transcription factors are a group of general transcription factors that play a key role in the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Basal factors: Bind to promoters

Explanation of Solution

Basal factors are classified as sequence specific proteins. These factors bind to the promoters and influences the process of transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “repressors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Repressors are a type of transcription factors that bind to enhancers and inhibit the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Repressors: Bind to enhancers

Explanation of Solution

Repressors are the transcription factors present in eukaryotes. They bind to the enhancers and prevent transcription initiation.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “CpG” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Almost 70 to 80% of cytosines present in CpG islands are methylated. The process of mehtlyation incase of CpG islands is mediated by DNA methyltransferase.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

CpG: Site of DNA methylation

Explanation of Solution

CpG dinucleotide is the site of methylation. Here the methyl group is added at the 5^th carbon of the cytosine base on one strand of double helix DNA.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “imprinting” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Impriting is the term that is majorily concerned with the branch of biology called epigenetics.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Imprinting: Pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

Explanation of Solution

Genome imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which allele expression depends on the parent that transmits it. In this phenomenon, the copy of the gene from one parent remains transcriptionally inactive, whereas the copy of the gene from other parent remains active.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “miRNA” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

miRNA or microRNA play a significant role in the process of post transcriptional gene silencing and gene regulation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

miRNA: Prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

Explanation of Solution

The miRNAs are the negative regulators of target mRNAs. As a result, they block the translation of mRNA and destabilizes it.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “coactivators” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Coactivator functions as a regulator and bind to activators to enhance the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Coactivators: Bind to activators

Explanation of Solution

Coactivators are the proteins that bind to the activators and open chromatin structure for gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epigenetic effect” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Epigentics deals with changes in the expression of the gene and epigenetic effect does not involve the role underlying DNA sequence.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epigenetic effect: Heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation.

Explanation of Solution

The epigenetic effect is observed in mammals especially in humans. It is the phenomenon in which the base sequence of DNA does not change. DNA methylation is responsible for altering the gene expression.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “insulator” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Insulators function as sites for the binding of specific DNA binding proteins. These insulators may function as enhancer blocker.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Insulator: Organizes enhancer/promoter interactions.

Explanation of Solution

Insulators are the DNA elements which help in the interaction of enhancer and a promoter that are present in the same loop. Insulators are the elements of DNA which form a loop from chromatin.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “enhancer” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Enhancers are specific region of DNA which increase the rate of transcription of a specific gene.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Enhancer: Activates gene transcription temporal-and tissue-specifically

Explanation of Solution

Enhancers are cis-acting sequences which control the gene regulation and have many binding sites for different activators and repressors. Therefore, they are responsible for tissue and temporal specific gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Chip-Seq” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Chip-Seq is sequencing methodology that can be used to determine the presence of transcription factors in the genome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ChIP-Seq: Identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

Explanation of Solution

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a technique which helps in the identification of target genes belonging to a specific transcription factor. The specific antibody identifies the target gene that regulates specific transcription factors.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “basal factors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Basal transcription factors are a group of general transcription factors that play a key role in the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Basal factors: Bind to promoters

Explanation of Solution

Basal factors are classified as sequence specific proteins. These factors bind to the promoters and influences the process of transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “repressors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Repressors are a type of transcription factors that bind to enhancers and inhibit the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Repressors: Bind to enhancers

Explanation of Solution

Repressors are the transcription factors present in eukaryotes. They bind to the enhancers and prevent transcription initiation.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “CpG” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Almost 70 to 80% of cytosines present in CpG islands are methylated. The process of mehtlyation incase of CpG islands is mediated by DNA methyltransferase.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

CpG: Site of DNA methylation

Explanation of Solution

CpG dinucleotide is the site of methylation. Here the methyl group is added at the 5^th carbon of the cytosine base on one strand of double helix DNA.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “imprinting” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Impriting is the term that is majorily concerned with the branch of biology called epigenetics.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Imprinting: Pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

Explanation of Solution

Genome imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which allele expression depends on the parent that transmits it. In this phenomenon, the copy of the gene from one parent remains transcriptionally inactive, whereas the copy of the gene from other parent remains active.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “miRNA” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

miRNA or microRNA play a significant role in the process of post transcriptional gene silencing and gene regulation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

miRNA: Prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

Explanation of Solution

The miRNAs are the negative regulators of target mRNAs. As a result, they block the translation of mRNA and destabilizes it.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “coactivators” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Coactivator functions as a regulator and bind to activators to enhance the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Coactivators: Bind to activators

Explanation of Solution

Coactivators are the proteins that bind to the activators and open chromatin structure for gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epigenetic effect” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Epigentics deals with changes in the expression of the gene and epigenetic effect does not involve the role underlying DNA sequence.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epigenetic effect: Heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation.

Explanation of Solution

The epigenetic effect is observed in mammals especially in humans. It is the phenomenon in which the base sequence of DNA does not change. DNA methylation is responsible for altering the gene expression.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “insulator” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Insulators function as sites for the binding of specific DNA binding proteins. These insulators may function as enhancer blocker.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Insulator: Organizes enhancer/promoter interactions.

Explanation of Solution

Insulators are the DNA elements which help in the interaction of enhancer and a promoter that are present in the same loop. Insulators are the elements of DNA which form a loop from chromatin.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “enhancer” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Enhancers are specific region of DNA which increase the rate of transcription of a specific gene.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Enhancer: Activates gene transcription temporal-and tissue-specifically

Explanation of Solution

Enhancers are cis-acting sequences which control the gene regulation and have many binding sites for different activators and repressors. Therefore, they are responsible for tissue and temporal specific gene transcription.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Chip-Seq” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Chip-Seq is sequencing methodology that can be used to determine the presence of transcription factors in the genome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ChIP-Seq: Identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

Explanation of Solution

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a technique which helps in the identification of target genes belonging to a specific transcription factor. The specific antibody identifies the target gene that regulates specific transcription factors.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “basal factors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Basal transcription factors are a group of general transcription factors that play a key role in the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Basal factors: Bind to promoters

Explanation of Solution

Basal factors are classified as sequence specific proteins. These factors bind to the promoters and influences the process of transcription.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “basal factors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Basal transcription factors are a group of general transcription factors that play a key role in the process of transcription.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Basal factors: Bind to promoters

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

Basal factors are classified as sequence specific proteins. These factors bind to the promoters and influences the process of transcription.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “repressors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Repressors are a type of transcription factors that bind to enhancers and inhibit the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Repressors: Bind to enhancers

Explanation of Solution

Repressors are the transcription factors present in eukaryotes. They bind to the enhancers and prevent transcription initiation.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “repressors” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Repressors are a type of transcription factors that bind to enhancers and inhibit the process of transcription.

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Repressors: Bind to enhancers

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

Repressors are the transcription factors present in eukaryotes. They bind to the enhancers and prevent transcription initiation.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “CpG” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Almost 70 to 80% of cytosines present in CpG islands are methylated. The process of mehtlyation incase of CpG islands is mediated by DNA methyltransferase.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

CpG: Site of DNA methylation

Explanation of Solution

CpG dinucleotide is the site of methylation. Here the methyl group is added at the 5^th carbon of the cytosine base on one strand of double helix DNA.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “CpG” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Almost 70 to 80% of cytosines present in CpG islands are methylated. The process of mehtlyation incase of CpG islands is mediated by DNA methyltransferase.

Answer 27

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

CpG: Site of DNA methylation

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

CpG dinucleotide is the site of methylation. Here the methyl group is added at the 5^th carbon of the cytosine base on one strand of double helix DNA.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “imprinting” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Impriting is the term that is majorily concerned with the branch of biology called epigenetics.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Imprinting: Pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

Explanation of Solution

Genome imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which allele expression depends on the parent that transmits it. In this phenomenon, the copy of the gene from one parent remains transcriptionally inactive, whereas the copy of the gene from other parent remains active.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “imprinting” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Impriting is the term that is majorily concerned with the branch of biology called epigenetics.

Answer 34

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Imprinting: Pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

Answer 35

Explanation of Solution

Genome imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which allele expression depends on the parent that transmits it. In this phenomenon, the copy of the gene from one parent remains transcriptionally inactive, whereas the copy of the gene from other parent remains active.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “miRNA” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

miRNA or microRNA play a significant role in the process of post transcriptional gene silencing and gene regulation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

miRNA: Prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

Explanation of Solution

The miRNAs are the negative regulators of target mRNAs. As a result, they block the translation of mRNA and destabilizes it.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “miRNA” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

miRNA or microRNA play a significant role in the process of post transcriptional gene silencing and gene regulation.

Answer 41

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

miRNA: Prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

Answer 42

Explanation of Solution

The miRNAs are the negative regulators of target mRNAs. As a result, they block the translation of mRNA and destabilizes it.

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “coactivators” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Coactivator functions as a regulator and bind to activators to enhance the process of transcription.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Coactivators: Bind to activators

Explanation of Solution

Coactivators are the proteins that bind to the activators and open chromatin structure for gene transcription.

Answer 44

Expert Solution

Answer 45

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “coactivators” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Coactivator functions as a regulator and bind to activators to enhance the process of transcription.

Answer 48

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Coactivators: Bind to activators

Answer 49

Explanation of Solution

Coactivators are the proteins that bind to the activators and open chromatin structure for gene transcription.

Answer 50

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epigenetic effect” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Epigentics deals with changes in the expression of the gene and epigenetic effect does not involve the role underlying DNA sequence.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epigenetic effect: Heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation.

Explanation of Solution

The epigenetic effect is observed in mammals especially in humans. It is the phenomenon in which the base sequence of DNA does not change. DNA methylation is responsible for altering the gene expression.

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Expert Solution

Answer 53

Expert Solution

Answer 54

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epigenetic effect” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Epigentics deals with changes in the expression of the gene and epigenetic effect does not involve the role underlying DNA sequence.

Answer 55

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epigenetic effect: Heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation.

Answer 56

Explanation of Solution

The epigenetic effect is observed in mammals especially in humans. It is the phenomenon in which the base sequence of DNA does not change. DNA methylation is responsible for altering the gene expression.

Answer 57

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “insulator” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Insulators function as sites for the binding of specific DNA binding proteins. These insulators may function as enhancer blocker.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Insulator: Organizes enhancer/promoter interactions.

Explanation of Solution

Insulators are the DNA elements which help in the interaction of enhancer and a promoter that are present in the same loop. Insulators are the elements of DNA which form a loop from chromatin.

Answer 58

Expert Solution

Answer 59

Expert Solution

Answer 60

Expert Solution

Answer 61

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “insulator” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Insulators function as sites for the binding of specific DNA binding proteins. These insulators may function as enhancer blocker.

Answer 62

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Insulator: Organizes enhancer/promoter interactions.

Answer 63

Explanation of Solution

Insulators are the DNA elements which help in the interaction of enhancer and a promoter that are present in the same loop. Insulators are the elements of DNA which form a loop from chromatin.

Answer 64

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “enhancer” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Enhancers are specific region of DNA which increase the rate of transcription of a specific gene.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Enhancer: Activates gene transcription temporal-and tissue-specifically

Explanation of Solution

Enhancers are cis-acting sequences which control the gene regulation and have many binding sites for different activators and repressors. Therefore, they are responsible for tissue and temporal specific gene transcription.

Answer 65

Expert Solution

Answer 66

Expert Solution

Answer 67

Expert Solution

Answer 68

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “enhancer” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Enhancers are specific region of DNA which increase the rate of transcription of a specific gene.

Answer 69

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Enhancer: Activates gene transcription temporal-and tissue-specifically

Answer 70

Explanation of Solution

Enhancers are cis-acting sequences which control the gene regulation and have many binding sites for different activators and repressors. Therefore, they are responsible for tissue and temporal specific gene transcription.

Answer 71

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Chip-Seq” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Chip-Seq is sequencing methodology that can be used to determine the presence of transcription factors in the genome.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ChIP-Seq: Identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

Explanation of Solution

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a technique which helps in the identification of target genes belonging to a specific transcription factor. The specific antibody identifies the target gene that regulates specific transcription factors.

Answer 72

Expert Solution

Answer 73

Expert Solution

Answer 74

Expert Solution

Answer 75

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Chip-Seq” among the options given below.

1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions

2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele

3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically

4. site of DNA methylation

5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

6. bind to enhancers

7. bind to promoters

8. bind to activators

9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally

10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation

Introduction:

Chip-Seq is sequencing methodology that can be used to determine the presence of transcription factors in the genome.

Answer 76

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ChIP-Seq: Identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors

Answer 77

Explanation of Solution

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a technique which helps in the identification of target genes belonging to a specific transcription factor. The specific antibody identifies the target gene that regulates specific transcription factors.