Concept explainers
Introduction:
The immune system is defined as the group of cells or tissues or organs that functions against the foreign substance to provide the immunity. The immunity is classified into two categories, innate and adaptive. The innate are non-specific defense mechanism, which acts immediately after the exposure of antigens or foreign substances on the body. The adaptive are antigen-specific immunity that adapts the immune system by formation of immune cells or memory cells for specific antigen.
Adaptive immunity acquires either be actively or passively, when person exposed to microorganism or foreign substances. The active and passive acquired immunity cab be obtained by natural or artificial ways. Based on this, the adaptive immunity is categorized into four types.
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- Explain the complement system under the following headlines: 1. Types 2. Activation 3. Complement fixation testarrow_forwardFirst word box choice is (replicate, chemical and neutralize). The second word box is (toxoid, adjuvant and antibody). the third box is (Langerhans cells, memory T cells, memory B cells). The fourth box is (passive immunity, short term immunity and long term immunity). The fifth box is (antibody, adjuvant and toxoid)arrow_forwardMatch the hypersensitivity to the description. Туре 1 [ Choose| [ Choose] Memory T helper cells release cytokines that recruit and activate macrophages. Antibodies bound to antigens that cause mast cell and PMN degranulation. Туре 2 against cell surface antigens, such as in blood transfusions. IgE mediated and can manifest as eczema or asthma. Туpe 3 [ Choose ] Туpe 4 [ Choose ]arrow_forward
- True or False: In non-disseminated infections, Mycobacterium species are restrained by type-1 responses which increase macrophage phagocytic activity, NK and T cell activation. True or False: The low-affinity Fcε receptor (FcεRII/CD23) on mast cells will bind to IgE in tissues in the absence of antigen.arrow_forwardthis is for hypersensitivities topic Please select one example of surface molecules that inhibit complement protein activation and describe the mechanism of action ( please include one image and reference page)arrow_forwardName two cytokines that are thought to be involved in the inflammatory response to viruses (cite your source). Describe a component of the innate immune response to viral infection (name it and explain how it works. Be sure you are talking about something that protects you from viruses.)arrow_forward
- Complement is an integral part of the innate immune response to bacteria . One of its mechanisms of action is to behave as an anaphylatoxin Describe the anaphylatoxic effects of complement identifying which components are activated.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT an example of non-specific (innate) resistance mechanisms interacting directly with specific acquired immunity mechanisms? what option below is the answer? Antibodies binding to bacterial surface antigens, coating (opsonizing) the bacteria and enhancing their phagocytosis by leukocytes Macrophages and dendritic cells presenting antigens to lymphocytes None of the other four answers (All are examples of interaction between innate and acquired resistance) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Complement being activated by antigen-antibody bindingarrow_forwardExplain the "antigen recognition by cells of adaptive immunity" in a simple way. Relate it with Class I,II,III MHC molecules/genes. Thank you NOTE: Bullet formarrow_forward
- Write TRUE is the statement is True, otherwise write FALSE and explain why the statement is False. The complement system involves a set of genes that distinguish foreign cells from body cells. The alternative complement activation pathway involves the cleavage of C5 to form C9. The type of interferon present late in an infection is gamma interferon. Interferons cause muscle aches, chills, and fever. Toll-like receptors act to cause phagocytic chemotaxis. Lymphocytes are large agranulocytes. Opsonization occurs when a phagocyte’s pseudopods surround a microbe and fuse to form a sac. Defensins are antimicrobial peptides of the first line of defense.arrow_forwardStrep throat is commonly caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. A common symptom of strep throat is the presence of swollen lymph nodes in the neck. This symptom usually peaks about 2–4 days after the onset of the infection, and is due to: Damage to the pharyngeal epithelium by the bacteria Release of bacterial PAMPs leading to inflammatory cytokine production Trapping and activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of the neck Recruitment of neutrophils to the lymph nodes of the neck Recruitment of circulating macrophages to the lymph nodes of the neckarrow_forwardThat answer is incorrect. Type 1 immunity does not include parasites (those are type 2). T helper 2 cells (Th2) are also part of type 2 immunity as well as ICL2s, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgA, and IgE (IgG is found in both).arrow_forward
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