Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin may have been a late evolutionary invention and that anaerobic respiration with S 0 as electron acceptor might have been an early evolutionary invention. Figure 17.1 Schematic representation of the phylogeny of the major taxonomic orders within the domain Archaea. Each of the five archaeal phyla and their major orders are indicated in a different color.

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1AQ

Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin may have been a late evolutionary invention and that anaerobic respiration with S⁰ as electron acceptor might have been an early evolutionary invention.

Chapter 17, Problem 1AQ, Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin

Figure 17.1 Schematic representation of the phylogeny of the major taxonomic orders within the domain Archaea. Each of the five archaeal phyla and their major orders are indicated in a different color.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

The term phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of pattern of a group of organisms from their ancestors. A branching diagram known as cladogram or a phylogenetic tree conceptually represents the phylogeny. The branch that deals with systematics inferring phylogeny are known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. The primary goal of phylogenetic systematics is to pattern the descent of a group of organisms. The phylogenetic systematics have the main goal to determine the life history of descent. The phylogenetic systematics are represented as branching pattern and can be determined through the analysis of characters of living or fossil organisms according to phylogenetic principles and methodology.

Explanation of Solution

In the figure, Archaea shows extensive phenotypic diversity. Archaea mainly constitutes of chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic organisms. With respect to evolutionary aspect, Archaea is divided into two main phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes mainly hyperthermophiles. Euryarchaeota is physiologically diverse group and many of the organisms are found in extreme environmental conditions. Methanogens and extremely halophilic organisms are included in this phylum. This phylum also includes hyperthermophiles. In Eurychaeota phylum it is observed that Halobacterium which consists bacteriorhodopsin appears very late on the phylogenetic tree justifying late invention of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin helps in ATP production in Halobacterium salinarum.

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The endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of chloroplasts from gram-negative prokaryotes is supported by all of the following lines of evidence except: the presence of enzymes for the light-dependent and the dark reactions of photosynthesis the presence of circular DNA resembling that of photosynthetic eubacteria the presence of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA similar to that of the cyanobacteria their use of mitosis rather than binary fission during cell division the presence of 70s ribosomes, consisting of 30s and 50s ribosomal subunits

Why did Carl Woese propose the domain Archaea? The domain Bacteria already had too many organisms in its classification. The methanogens were discovered to be a complex organism, between prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotes, thus it needed its own domain. He discovered that methanogens were too large to be classified as bacteria, but too small to be classified as Eukarya. In analyzing the rRNA of methanogens, he discovered that it was completely distinct from any other bacterial RRNA that had been studied. The DNA of methanogens was discovered to use different nucleotides than those of organisms in Eukarya or Bacteria.

Bacteriorhodopsin, and retinal, are part of a transmembrane complex that uses of sunlight to create a proton gradient, for synthesis of ATP from ADP, in which of the following organisms? one of the members of the Archaeobacterial kingdom one of the members of the Eubacterial kingdom (ancestral to the mitochondria) one of the members of the Animal kingdom one of the members of the Eubacterial kingdom (ancestral to the chloroplasts) one of the members of the Plant kingdom

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1AQ

Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin may have been a late evolutionary invention and that anaerobic respiration with S⁰ as electron acceptor might have been an early evolutionary invention.

Chapter 17, Problem 1AQ, Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin

Figure 17.1 Schematic representation of the phylogeny of the major taxonomic orders within the domain Archaea. Each of the five archaeal phyla and their major orders are indicated in a different color.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

The term phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of pattern of a group of organisms from their ancestors. A branching diagram known as cladogram or a phylogenetic tree conceptually represents the phylogeny. The branch that deals with systematics inferring phylogeny are known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. The primary goal of phylogenetic systematics is to pattern the descent of a group of organisms. The phylogenetic systematics have the main goal to determine the life history of descent. The phylogenetic systematics are represented as branching pattern and can be determined through the analysis of characters of living or fossil organisms according to phylogenetic principles and methodology.

Explanation of Solution

In the figure, Archaea shows extensive phenotypic diversity. Archaea mainly constitutes of chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic organisms. With respect to evolutionary aspect, Archaea is divided into two main phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes mainly hyperthermophiles. Euryarchaeota is physiologically diverse group and many of the organisms are found in extreme environmental conditions. Methanogens and extremely halophilic organisms are included in this phylum. This phylum also includes hyperthermophiles. In Eurychaeota phylum it is observed that Halobacterium which consists bacteriorhodopsin appears very late on the phylogenetic tree justifying late invention of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin helps in ATP production in Halobacterium salinarum.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1AQ

Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin may have been a late evolutionary invention and that anaerobic respiration with S⁰ as electron acceptor might have been an early evolutionary invention.

Chapter 17, Problem 1AQ, Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin

Figure 17.1 Schematic representation of the phylogeny of the major taxonomic orders within the domain Archaea. Each of the five archaeal phyla and their major orders are indicated in a different color.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

The term phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of pattern of a group of organisms from their ancestors. A branching diagram known as cladogram or a phylogenetic tree conceptually represents the phylogeny. The branch that deals with systematics inferring phylogeny are known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. The primary goal of phylogenetic systematics is to pattern the descent of a group of organisms. The phylogenetic systematics have the main goal to determine the life history of descent. The phylogenetic systematics are represented as branching pattern and can be determined through the analysis of characters of living or fossil organisms according to phylogenetic principles and methodology.

Explanation of Solution

In the figure, Archaea shows extensive phenotypic diversity. Archaea mainly constitutes of chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic organisms. With respect to evolutionary aspect, Archaea is divided into two main phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes mainly hyperthermophiles. Euryarchaeota is physiologically diverse group and many of the organisms are found in extreme environmental conditions. Methanogens and extremely halophilic organisms are included in this phylum. This phylum also includes hyperthermophiles. In Eurychaeota phylum it is observed that Halobacterium which consists bacteriorhodopsin appears very late on the phylogenetic tree justifying late invention of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin helps in ATP production in Halobacterium salinarum.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1AQ

Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin may have been a late evolutionary invention and that anaerobic respiration with S⁰ as electron acceptor might have been an early evolutionary invention.

Chapter 17, Problem 1AQ, Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin

Figure 17.1 Schematic representation of the phylogeny of the major taxonomic orders within the domain Archaea. Each of the five archaeal phyla and their major orders are indicated in a different color.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

The term phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of pattern of a group of organisms from their ancestors. A branching diagram known as cladogram or a phylogenetic tree conceptually represents the phylogeny. The branch that deals with systematics inferring phylogeny are known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. The primary goal of phylogenetic systematics is to pattern the descent of a group of organisms. The phylogenetic systematics have the main goal to determine the life history of descent. The phylogenetic systematics are represented as branching pattern and can be determined through the analysis of characters of living or fossil organisms according to phylogenetic principles and methodology.

Explanation of Solution

In the figure, Archaea shows extensive phenotypic diversity. Archaea mainly constitutes of chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic organisms. With respect to evolutionary aspect, Archaea is divided into two main phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes mainly hyperthermophiles. Euryarchaeota is physiologically diverse group and many of the organisms are found in extreme environmental conditions. Methanogens and extremely halophilic organisms are included in this phylum. This phylum also includes hyperthermophiles. In Eurychaeota phylum it is observed that Halobacterium which consists bacteriorhodopsin appears very late on the phylogenetic tree justifying late invention of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin helps in ATP production in Halobacterium salinarum.

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Answer 5

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Answer 6

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Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

The term phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of pattern of a group of organisms from their ancestors. A branching diagram known as cladogram or a phylogenetic tree conceptually represents the phylogeny. The branch that deals with systematics inferring phylogeny are known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. The primary goal of phylogenetic systematics is to pattern the descent of a group of organisms. The phylogenetic systematics have the main goal to determine the life history of descent. The phylogenetic systematics are represented as branching pattern and can be determined through the analysis of characters of living or fossil organisms according to phylogenetic principles and methodology.

Explanation of Solution

In the figure, Archaea shows extensive phenotypic diversity. Archaea mainly constitutes of chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic organisms. With respect to evolutionary aspect, Archaea is divided into two main phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes mainly hyperthermophiles. Euryarchaeota is physiologically diverse group and many of the organisms are found in extreme environmental conditions. Methanogens and extremely halophilic organisms are included in this phylum. This phylum also includes hyperthermophiles. In Eurychaeota phylum it is observed that Halobacterium which consists bacteriorhodopsin appears very late on the phylogenetic tree justifying late invention of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin helps in ATP production in Halobacterium salinarum.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

The term phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of pattern of a group of organisms from their ancestors. A branching diagram known as cladogram or a phylogenetic tree conceptually represents the phylogeny. The branch that deals with systematics inferring phylogeny are known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. The primary goal of phylogenetic systematics is to pattern the descent of a group of organisms. The phylogenetic systematics have the main goal to determine the life history of descent. The phylogenetic systematics are represented as branching pattern and can be determined through the analysis of characters of living or fossil organisms according to phylogenetic principles and methodology.

Explanation of Solution

In the figure, Archaea shows extensive phenotypic diversity. Archaea mainly constitutes of chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic organisms. With respect to evolutionary aspect, Archaea is divided into two main phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes mainly hyperthermophiles. Euryarchaeota is physiologically diverse group and many of the organisms are found in extreme environmental conditions. Methanogens and extremely halophilic organisms are included in this phylum. This phylum also includes hyperthermophiles. In Eurychaeota phylum it is observed that Halobacterium which consists bacteriorhodopsin appears very late on the phylogenetic tree justifying late invention of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin helps in ATP production in Halobacterium salinarum.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

The term phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of pattern of a group of organisms from their ancestors. A branching diagram known as cladogram or a phylogenetic tree conceptually represents the phylogeny. The branch that deals with systematics inferring phylogeny are known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. The primary goal of phylogenetic systematics is to pattern the descent of a group of organisms. The phylogenetic systematics have the main goal to determine the life history of descent. The phylogenetic systematics are represented as branching pattern and can be determined through the analysis of characters of living or fossil organisms according to phylogenetic principles and methodology.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

In the figure, Archaea shows extensive phenotypic diversity. Archaea mainly constitutes of chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic organisms. With respect to evolutionary aspect, Archaea is divided into two main phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes mainly hyperthermophiles. Euryarchaeota is physiologically diverse group and many of the organisms are found in extreme environmental conditions. Methanogens and extremely halophilic organisms are included in this phylum. This phylum also includes hyperthermophiles. In Eurychaeota phylum it is observed that Halobacterium which consists bacteriorhodopsin appears very late on the phylogenetic tree justifying late invention of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin helps in ATP production in Halobacterium salinarum.

Answer 13

Ch. 17.1 - Since cells of Halobacterium require high levels...Ch. 17.1 - What benefit does bacteriorhodopsin confer on...Ch. 17.1 - Contrast the roles of bacteriorhodopsin,...Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 1MQ Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 2MQ Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 1CR Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 1MQ Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 2MQ Ch. 17.3 - What two major physiological features unify...Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 1MQ

Solution Summary: The author explains that phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of a group of organisms from their ancestors.

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