(a)
Interpretation: Mechanism for the given type of decarboxylation reaction has to be proposed and it should be compared with the mechanism of decarboxylation of
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl attached to a hydroxyl group as shown below,
If
Decarboxylation of
The mechanism of thermal decarboxylation involves two processes,
- (i) Redistribution of electrons in a cyclic transition state.
- (ii) Cyclic transition state possesses keto-enol tautomerism.
(b)
Interpretation: Mechanism for the given type of decarboxylation reaction has to be proposed and it should be compared with the mechanism of decarboxylation of
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl attached to a hydroxyl group as shown below,
If carboxylic acid is heated to a very high temperature then of carbon dioxide will be eliminated from it this reaction is known as decarboxylation. Simple carboxylic acids do not decarboxylate readily.
Decarboxylation of
Simply the mechanism of thermal decarboxylation involves two processes,
- (i) Redistribution of electrons in a cyclic transition state.
- (ii) Cyclic transition state possesses keto-enol tautomerism.
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Chapter 17 Solutions
EP ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-OWL V2 ACCESS
- -Hydroxyketones and -hydroxyaldehydes are also oxidized by treatment with periodic acid. It is not the -hydroxyketone or aldehyde, however, that undergoes reaction with periodic acid, but the hydrate formed by addition of water to the carbonyl group of the -hydroxyketone or aldehyde. Write a mechanism for the oxidation of this -hydroxyaldehyde by HIO4.arrow_forwardThe ketone shown was prepared in a three-step sequence from ethyl trifluoroacetate. The first step in the sequence involved treating ethyl trifluoroacetate with ammonia to give compound A. Compound A was in turn converted to the desired ketone by way of compound B. Fill in the missing reagents in the sequence shown, and give the structures of compounds A and B.arrow_forwardThe following substances can be prepared by a nucleophilic addition reaction between an aldehyde or ketoneand a nucleophile. Identify the reactants from which they were prepared. If the substance is an acetal, identifythe carbonyl compound and the alcohol; if it is an imine or enamine, identify the carbonyl compound and theamine. You do not have to consider stereochemistry. In cases where there is more than one answer, just giveone. Use Grignard reagents when an organometallic reagent is required. Draw the Grignard reagent as acovalent magnesium bromide.arrow_forward
- How will you synthesize 6-hepten-2-one starting from ethyl 3 - oxobutanoate ? Write the sequence of the reactions involved and the required reagents.arrow_forwardČOEt 1. EtO-Na+ OEt 3. NAOH, H,O, heat EtO 4. HCI, heat 2-Carbethoxy- 4-Butanolactone 4-butanolactone (y-Butyrolactone) Show how the scheme for formation of 4-butanolactone can be used to synthesize lactones (a) and (b), each of which has a peach odor and is used in per- fumery. As sources of carbon atoms for these syntheses, use diethyl malonate, ethylene oxide, 1-bromoheptane, and 1-nonene. (b) (racemic) (racemic)arrow_forwardDraw the organic product(s) of the reaction of phenylacetaldehyde with KMnO4. H3O+arrow_forward
- Write four examples of the condensation reactions of carbonyl compounds, starting with benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO), with appropriate reagents and appropriate reactions. Write down the mechanism of one you want in detail.arrow_forwardEsters can be prepared by the reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols. Bearing this in mind, propose a route to the preparation of γ-Butyrolactone, the structure of which is shown below.arrow_forward1. Br₂, PBrg 2. H₂O H₂C OH H3C OH Br The a-bromination of carbonyl compounds by Br₂ in acetic acid is limited to aldehydes and ketones because acids, esters, and amides don't enolize to a sufficient extent. Carboxylic acids, however, can be a-brominated by first converting the carboxylic acid to an acid bromide by treatment with PBr3. Following enolization of the acid bromide, Br₂ reacts in an α- substitution reaction. Hydrolysis of the acid bromide completes the reaction. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions H3C :0: :0::Br: Br Br H3C CO-P H Br Brarrow_forward
- 3 Treatment of 1-aminoadamantane, C„H„N, with methyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate in the presence of a nonnucleophilic base, R,N, involves two successive S,2 reactions and gives compound A. Propose a structural formula for compound A. R&N NH, + Br. C15H93NO, + 2 R,NH Br OCH Br 1-Aminoadamantane Methyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate Aarrow_forwardDefine the following reagents or functional groups as being related to either aldehydes/ketone AK, carboxylic acid derivatives CA or both. Imines Acid anhydrides Hemiacetal Aldol i) LIAIH4 ii) H+, H20 Haloformarrow_forwardH₂C OEt H₂C OEt 1. NaOEt, EtOH 2. H₂O* H₂C EtOH OEt Esters, like aldehydes and ketones, are weakly acidic. Treatment of an ester with 1 equivalent of a strong base, such as sodium ethoxide, causes a reversible carbonyl condensation to occur that forms a ẞ-ketoester. This reaction is known as the Claisen condensation. The tetrahedral intermediate thus formed expels an alkoxide leaving group to give an acyl substitution product, a ẞ-ketoester. The steps leading up to this point are all reversible. The best yields for the Claisen condensation are obtained when the starting ester has more than one acidic a-hydrogen. In these cases, a second deprotonation of the a-carbon drives the reaction equilibrium toward the product, thus requiring a full equivalent of base instead of a catalytic amount. Subsequent protonation with dilute aqueous acid resultsn a high yield of the final product. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing…arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage LearningEBK A SMALL SCALE APPROACH TO ORGANIC LChemistryISBN:9781305446021Author:LampmanPublisher:CENGAGE LEARNING - CONSIGNMENT
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