The reason that why added carnitine increases the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient’s muscle homogenate. Introduction : Shuttle system having intermediate fatty acyl-carnitine is needed to transport molecules of fatty acid into mitochondria. Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 12P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why added carnitine increases the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient’s muscle homogenate.

Introduction:

Shuttle system having intermediate fatty acyl-carnitine is needed to transport molecules of fatty acid into mitochondria. Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why the patient’s symptoms are aggravated by fasting, exercise, and a high-fat diet.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The two possible reasons for deficiency of muscle carnitine in the individual.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 12P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why added carnitine increases the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient’s muscle homogenate.

Introduction:

Shuttle system having intermediate fatty acyl-carnitine is needed to transport molecules of fatty acid into mitochondria. Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why the patient’s symptoms are aggravated by fasting, exercise, and a high-fat diet.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The two possible reasons for deficiency of muscle carnitine in the individual.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 12P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why added carnitine increases the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient’s muscle homogenate.

Introduction:

Shuttle system having intermediate fatty acyl-carnitine is needed to transport molecules of fatty acid into mitochondria. Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why the patient’s symptoms are aggravated by fasting, exercise, and a high-fat diet.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The two possible reasons for deficiency of muscle carnitine in the individual.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 12P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why added carnitine increases the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient’s muscle homogenate.

Introduction:

Shuttle system having intermediate fatty acyl-carnitine is needed to transport molecules of fatty acid into mitochondria. Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why the patient’s symptoms are aggravated by fasting, exercise, and a high-fat diet.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The two possible reasons for deficiency of muscle carnitine in the individual.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

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Answer 5

Chapter 17, Problem 12P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why added carnitine increases the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient’s muscle homogenate.

Introduction:

Shuttle system having intermediate fatty acyl-carnitine is needed to transport molecules of fatty acid into mitochondria. Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why the patient’s symptoms are aggravated by fasting, exercise, and a high-fat diet.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The two possible reasons for deficiency of muscle carnitine in the individual.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

Answer 6

Chapter 17, Problem 12P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why added carnitine increases the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient’s muscle homogenate.

Introduction:

Shuttle system having intermediate fatty acyl-carnitine is needed to transport molecules of fatty acid into mitochondria. Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

Answer 7

Chapter 17, Problem 12P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why added carnitine increases the rate of oleate oxidation in the patient’s muscle homogenate.

Introduction:

Shuttle system having intermediate fatty acyl-carnitine is needed to transport molecules of fatty acid into mitochondria. Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why the patient’s symptoms are aggravated by fasting, exercise, and a high-fat diet.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason that why the patient’s symptoms are aggravated by fasting, exercise, and a high-fat diet.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The two possible reasons for deficiency of muscle carnitine in the individual.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The two possible reasons for deficiency of muscle carnitine in the individual.

Introduction:

Before transportation of fatty acid molecules, fatty acids are first transformed into fatty-acyl coenzyme A in the cytoplasm which is done by acyl-CoA synthetase. After that fatty acyl groups are transported to carnitine present at the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine acyltransferase-1 enzyme.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 17 - Prob. 1P Ch. 17 - Prob. 2P Ch. 17 - Prob. 3P Ch. 17 - Prob. 4P Ch. 17 - Prob. 5P Ch. 17 - Prob. 6P Ch. 17 - Prob. 7P Ch. 17 - Prob. 8P Ch. 17 - Prob. 9P Ch. 17 - Prob. 10P

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