EBK CORPORATE FINANCE
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780134202785
Author: DeMarzo
Publisher: VST
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16.7, Problem 1CC
Coca-Cola Enterprises is almost 50% debt financed , while Intel, a technology firm, has no net debt. Why might these firms choose such different capital structures?
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Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
Group of answer choices
Since debt capital can cause a company to go bankrupt but equity capital cannot, debt is riskier than equity, and thus the after-tax cost of debt is always greater than the cost of equity.
The tax-adjusted cost of debt is always greater than the interest rate on debt, provided the company does in fact pay taxes.
If a company assigns the same cost of capital to all of its projects regardless of each project’s risk, then the company is likely to reject some safe projects that it actually should accept and to accept some risky projects that it should reject.
Because no flotation costs are required to obtain capital as retained earnings, the cost of retained earnings is generally lower than the after-tax cost of debt.
Higher flotation costs tend to reduce the cost of equity capital.
If the financial market is frictionless, the cost of equity is higher than the cost of debt in all firms. Therefore, in this circumstance, firms must finance their projects by issuing debt rather than equity.
Is it right?
Diol Athletics is trying to determine its optimal capital structure, which now consists of only debt and common equity. The firm does not currently use preferred stock in its capital structure, and it does not plan to do so in the future. To estimate how much its debt would cost at different debt levels, the company’s treasury staff has consulted with investment bankers and, on the basis of those discussions, has created the following table:
Structure
Market Debt-to-Value Ratio (Wd)
Market Equity-to-Value Ratio (Ws)
Bond Rating
Pre-tax Cost of Debt (rd)
A
0.0
1.0
AA
9.0%
B
0.2
0.8
BBB
10.5%
C
0.5
0.5
BB
11.6%
D
0.6
0.4
C
12.7%
E
0.75
0.25
D
14.0%
Diol uses the CAPM to estimate its cost of common equity, rs. The company estimates that the risk-free rate is 7%; the market risk is 13%, and the company’s tax rate is 20%. Diol estimates that if it had no debt, its “unlevered” beta, bU, would be 1.3.
What is the…
Chapter 16 Solutions
EBK CORPORATE FINANCE
Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.1 - Does the risk of default reduce the value of the...Ch. 16.2 - If a firm files for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of...Ch. 16.2 - Why are the losses of debt holders whose claims...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.3 - True or False: If bankruptcy costs are only...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.4 - According to the trade-off theory, all else being...Ch. 16.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.5 - Why would debt holders desire covenants that...
Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 16.7 - Coca-Cola Enterprises is almost 50% debt financed...Ch. 16.7 - Why would a firm with excessive leverage not...Ch. 16.7 - Describe how management entrenchment can affect...Ch. 16.8 - How does asymmetric information explain the...Ch. 16.8 - Prob. 2CCCh. 16.9 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.9 - Prob. 2CCCh. 16 - Gladstone Corporation is about to launch a new...Ch. 16 - Baruk Industries has no cash and a debt obligation...Ch. 16 - When a firm defaults on its debt, debt holders...Ch. 16 - Prob. 4PCh. 16 - Prob. 5PCh. 16 - Suppose Tefco Corp. has a value of 100 million if...Ch. 16 - You have received two job offers. Firm A offers to...Ch. 16 - As in Problem 1, Gladstone Corporation is about to...Ch. 16 - Kohwe Corporation plans to issue equity to raise...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10PCh. 16 - Prob. 11PCh. 16 - Hawar International is a shipping firm with a...Ch. 16 - Your firm is considering issuing one-year debt,...Ch. 16 - Marpor Industries has no debt and expects to...Ch. 16 - Real estate purchases are often financed with at...Ch. 16 - On May 14, 2008, General Motors paid a dividend of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 17PCh. 16 - Consider a firm whose only asset is a plot of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 19PCh. 16 - Prob. 20PCh. 16 - Prob. 21PCh. 16 - Consider the setting of Problem 21 , and suppose...Ch. 16 - Consider the setting of Problems 21 and 22, and...Ch. 16 - You own your own firm, and you want to raise 30...Ch. 16 - Empire Industries forecasts net income this coming...Ch. 16 - Ralston Enterprises has assets that will have a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 27PCh. 16 - If it is managed efficiently, Remel Inc. will have...Ch. 16 - Which of the following industries have low optimal...Ch. 16 - According to the managerial entrenchment theory,...Ch. 16 - Info Systems Technology (IST) manufactures...Ch. 16 - Prob. 32PCh. 16 - Prob. 33P
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- An unlevered firm has a value of $500 million. An otherwise identical butlevered firm has $50 million in debt. Under the MM zero-tax model, whatis the value of the levered firm?arrow_forwardAssume a Modigliani and Miller economy. Company XYZ is currently financed only withequity. The management of the company hires a consultant. The consultant makes thefollowing suggestion: “My advice for XYZ is to issue debt and use it to repurchase some ofthe company’s equity. This would allow XYZ to get the benefit of a low cost of capital ofdebt without raising its cost of capital of equity.”Discuss in detail the statement of the consultant.arrow_forwardGenerally speaking, the cost of debt is cheaper than the cost of equity. Does it imply that a firm should increase its debt-to-equity ratio to as high as possible such that its corporate cost of capital can be minimized?arrow_forward
- Patented Products is considering changing its capital structure. Patented currently has no debt and no preferred stock, but it would like to add some debt to take advantage of the tax shield. Its investment banker has indicated that the pre-tax cost of debt under various possible capital structures would be as follows: Debt ratio (wd) Equity ratio (we) Debt/Equity ratio B-T cost of debt 0.0 1.0 0.0 6.0% 0.10 0.90 0.1111 6.4 0.20 0.80 0.2500 7.0 0.30 0.70 0.4286 8.2 0.40 0.60 0.6667 10.0 Patented uses the CAPM to estimate its cost of common equity, rs, and at the time of the analysis the risk-free rate is 5%, the market risk premium is 6%, and the company’s tax rate is 25%. Patented estimates that its beta now (which is unlevered since it has no debt) is 0.8. Based on this information, what is the firm’s optimal capital structure, and what would be the weighted average cost of capital at the optimal capital structure?arrow_forwardCompanies that use debt in their capital structure are said to be using financial leverage. Using leverage can increase shareholder returns, but leverage also increases the risk that shareholders bear. Consider the following case: Universal Exports Inc. is a small company and is considering a project that will require $650,000 in assets. The project will be financed with 100% equity. The company faces a tax rate of 25%. What will be the ROE (return on equity) for this project if it produces an EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) of $140,000? 16.15% 12.11% 11.30% 13.73% Determine what the project’s ROE will be if its EBIT is –$40,000. When calculating the tax effects, assume that Universal Exports Inc. as a whole will have a large, positive income this year. -5.06% -4.37% -4.6% -4.14% Universal Exports Inc. is also considering financing the project with 50% equity and 50% debt. The interest rate on the…arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding capital structure is(are) correct? Choose all correct answer(s). Airlines have very high leverage because they have very stable cash flows and low probability of financial distress Assume that United States adopted a dividend imputation system, the tax benefit of debt financing would decrease on average. Other things equal (i.e. identical leverage and identical asset value), an iron ore company's financial distress O cost is likely to be higher than a gold mining company because iron ore company's beta is likely to be higher than that of the gold mining company. Companies' actual leverage ratios often deviate from their optimal ratios but over the long-run they tend to adjust the leverage ratios toward their optimal levels.arrow_forward
- Comment on each of the following statements:a) Equity cost of a company with debt is higher than that of a company without debt due to risk of bankruptcy.b) Only risks associated with corporate bonds are interest rate and reinvestment risk.c) In Modigliani-Miller model (from 1963) cost of capital depends positively on cost of debt.d) Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) can always be used to value projects or companies.e) All projects with positive NPV should be accepted and those with negative NPV should be rejected.f) Greater the growth opportunities, higher the level of indebtedness of companies.g) More tangible assets the firm has, the higher the level of indebtedness.arrow_forwardAaron Athletics is trying to determine its optimal capital structure. The company’s capital structure consists of debt and common equity. In order to estimate the cost of capital at various debt levels the company has constructed the following table: Percent financed with debt (wD) Percent financed with equity (ws) Before tax cost of debt 0.10 0.90 7.0% 0.20 0.80 7.2% 0.30 0.70 8.0% 0.40 0.60 8.8% 0.50 0.50 9.6% The company uses the CAPM to estimate its cost of equity, rS . The risk-free rate is 4% and the market risk premium is 5%. Aaron estimates that if it had no debt its beta would be 1.0. (It’s unlevered beta equals 1.0). The company’s tax rate is 40%. On the basis of this information, what is the company’s optimal capital structure, and what is the WACC at that capital structure? (Show your calculations at each debt level).arrow_forwardIndustries vary with regard to their capital structure. In the observed capital structure, which of the following tends to have the LEAST debt leverage? All industries have about 50% debt and 50% equity. Electrical utilities O Airline operators O Drug manufacturersarrow_forward
- A firm’s cost of capital is often a reflection of its activities and funding needs. Consider the case of Wizard Company, and answer the following questions: Wizard Co. currently has only a real estate division and uses only equity capital; however, it is considering creating consulting and distribution divisions. Its beta is currently 1.3. The risk-free rate is 4.4%, and the market risk premium is 6.2%. This means that the firm’s real estate division will have a cost of capital of: 10.12% 12.46% 3.08% 8.80% The consulting division is expected to have a beta of 2.1, because it will be riskier than the firm’s real estate division. This means that the firm’s consulting division will have a cost of capital of: 19.92% 18.77% 17.42% 18.37% The distribution division will have less risk than the firm’s real estate division, so its beta is expected to be 0.5. This means that the distribution division’s cost of…arrow_forwardIlumina Corp is trying to determine its optimal capital structure. The company’s capital structure consists of debt and common stock. In order to estimate the cost of debt, the company has produced the following table: Percent financed with debt (wd) Percent financed with equity (wc) Debt-to-equity ratio (D/S) After-tax cost of debt (%) 0.25 0.75 0.25/0.75 = 0.33 6.9% 0.35 0.65 0.35/0.65 = 0.5385 7.1% 0.50 0.50 0.50/0.50 = 1.00 8.0% The company uses the CAPM to estimate its cost of common equity, rs. The risk-free rate is 5% and the market risk premium is 6%. Ilumina estimates that its beta with 10% debt is 1. The company’s tax rate, T, is 40%. On the basis of this information, what is the company’s optimal capital structure, and what is the firm’s cost of capital at this optimal capital structure? (Please show work)arrow_forwardAccording to the capital structure trade-off model: O a. The optimal capital structure minimizes the company's weighted average cost of capital. O b. There is no optimal capital structure, but instead there is a hierarchy of sources of capital. O c. There is no optimal capital structure, and companies should aim to maximize debt financing, since they thereby minimize their tax payments. O d. The optimal capital structure minimizes the company's market value. O e. The optimal capital structure minimizes the company's cost of equity.arrow_forward
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