Chapter 16, Problem 6RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The constitutive activation of Ras-like protein (RasD) by a mutation in the Ras protein. The way in which activation of Ras promote cancer. The type of mutation that reduces the Smad3 protein constitutively.

Introduction:

Constitutive activation is a phenomenon of the protein or signaling pathway modification. This modification is functional or involved in an upstream activating event absence. For instance, RasD is constitutively active as it does not bind the GTPase Activating Protein (GAP). Thus, it remains in the GTP-bound (active state) even when the cells are not triggered by growth factor to stimulate a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Constitutively active Ras acts as cancer stimulating as the cells will flourish in the growth factors absence. Therefore, the standard regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are avoided.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The constitutive activation of (RasD) by a mutation in the Ras protein. The way in which activation of Ras promote cancer. The type of mutation that reduces the MAP kinase proteins constitutively.

Introduction:

Constitutive activation is a phenomenon of the protein or signaling pathway modification. This modification is functional or involved in an upstream activating event absence. For instance, RasD is constitutively active as it does not bind the GTPase Activating Protein (GAP). Thus, it remains in the GTP-bound (active state) even when the cells are not triggered by growth factor to stimulate a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Constitutively active Ras acts as cancer stimulating as the cells will flourish in the growth factors absence. Therefore, the standard regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are avoided.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To write:

The constitutive activation of (RasD) by a mutation in the Ras protein. The way in which activation of Ras promote cancer. The type of mutation that reduces the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB protein) proteins constitutively.

Introduction:

Constitutive activation is a phenomenon of the protein or signaling pathway modification. This modification is functional or involved in an upstream activating event absence. For instance, RasD is constitutively active as it does not bind the GTPase Activating Protein (GAP). Thus, it remains in the GTP-bound (active state) even when the cells are not triggered by growth factor to stimulate a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Constitutively active Ras acts as cancer stimulating as the cells will flourish in the growth factors absence. Therefore, the standard regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are avoided.