(a) To write: About the advantage of stickiness method over the covalent interaction for the gecko reptile. About the effect of the van der Waals force that helps the gecko to stick its feet. Introduction: A reptile known as gecko has an ability to climb through the smooth surfaces that follows van der Waals interactions between its feet with septa and the smooth surface when it climbs.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About the advantage of stickiness method over the covalent interaction for the gecko reptile.

About the effect of the van der Waals force that helps the gecko to stick its feet.

Introduction:

A reptile known as gecko has an ability to climb through the smooth surfaces that follows van der Waals interactions between its feet with septa and the smooth surface when it climbs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

One of the most important biological process which is the covalent bond consumes much of energy to form it. The other process which is the van der Waals interaction takes less energy compared to this covalent interaction. So when the reptile tries to use the covalent bond interaction to stick the septa on the surface, it will require more energy and also it would make the reptile to move very slowly. Unlike the covalent interaction, the van der Waals interaction has a weak bond and the reptile requires less energy to break this bond. So using this van der Waals interaction which acts between the feet and the smooth surface, gecko the reptile can move faster and easily.

Though the van der Waals forces are weak, they become strong when the gecko reptile uses this force having many septae on its feet. This septae are individual pads that are small in size and when each such tiny pad uses this weak force, they become strong collectively. Covalent bond is not as effect as this van der Waals force as they are strong individually requiring lots of energy to break the strong bond while the reptile climbs.

Conclusion

Thus, the covalent bond which is stronger do not help the reptile to glue its feet on the smooth surface whereas the van der Waals bond being a weak force enables the reptile to stick its feel to the surface while climbing.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About the advantage of stickiness method over the covalent interaction for the gecko reptile.

About the effect of the van der Waals force that helps the gecko to stick its feet.

Introduction:

A reptile known as gecko has an ability to climb through the smooth surfaces that follows van der Waals interactions between its feet with septa and the smooth surface when it climbs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

One of the most important biological process which is the covalent bond consumes much of energy to form it. The other process which is the van der Waals interaction takes less energy compared to this covalent interaction. So when the reptile tries to use the covalent bond interaction to stick the septa on the surface, it will require more energy and also it would make the reptile to move very slowly. Unlike the covalent interaction, the van der Waals interaction has a weak bond and the reptile requires less energy to break this bond. So using this van der Waals interaction which acts between the feet and the smooth surface, gecko the reptile can move faster and easily.

Though the van der Waals forces are weak, they become strong when the gecko reptile uses this force having many septae on its feet. This septae are individual pads that are small in size and when each such tiny pad uses this weak force, they become strong collectively. Covalent bond is not as effect as this van der Waals force as they are strong individually requiring lots of energy to break the strong bond while the reptile climbs.

Conclusion

Thus, the covalent bond which is stronger do not help the reptile to glue its feet on the smooth surface whereas the van der Waals bond being a weak force enables the reptile to stick its feel to the surface while climbing.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About the advantage of stickiness method over the covalent interaction for the gecko reptile.

About the effect of the van der Waals force that helps the gecko to stick its feet.

Introduction:

A reptile known as gecko has an ability to climb through the smooth surfaces that follows van der Waals interactions between its feet with septa and the smooth surface when it climbs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

One of the most important biological process which is the covalent bond consumes much of energy to form it. The other process which is the van der Waals interaction takes less energy compared to this covalent interaction. So when the reptile tries to use the covalent bond interaction to stick the septa on the surface, it will require more energy and also it would make the reptile to move very slowly. Unlike the covalent interaction, the van der Waals interaction has a weak bond and the reptile requires less energy to break this bond. So using this van der Waals interaction which acts between the feet and the smooth surface, gecko the reptile can move faster and easily.

Though the van der Waals forces are weak, they become strong when the gecko reptile uses this force having many septae on its feet. This septae are individual pads that are small in size and when each such tiny pad uses this weak force, they become strong collectively. Covalent bond is not as effect as this van der Waals force as they are strong individually requiring lots of energy to break the strong bond while the reptile climbs.

Conclusion

Thus, the covalent bond which is stronger do not help the reptile to glue its feet on the smooth surface whereas the van der Waals bond being a weak force enables the reptile to stick its feel to the surface while climbing.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About the advantage of stickiness method over the covalent interaction for the gecko reptile.

About the effect of the van der Waals force that helps the gecko to stick its feet.

Introduction:

A reptile known as gecko has an ability to climb through the smooth surfaces that follows van der Waals interactions between its feet with septa and the smooth surface when it climbs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

One of the most important biological process which is the covalent bond consumes much of energy to form it. The other process which is the van der Waals interaction takes less energy compared to this covalent interaction. So when the reptile tries to use the covalent bond interaction to stick the septa on the surface, it will require more energy and also it would make the reptile to move very slowly. Unlike the covalent interaction, the van der Waals interaction has a weak bond and the reptile requires less energy to break this bond. So using this van der Waals interaction which acts between the feet and the smooth surface, gecko the reptile can move faster and easily.

Though the van der Waals forces are weak, they become strong when the gecko reptile uses this force having many septae on its feet. This septae are individual pads that are small in size and when each such tiny pad uses this weak force, they become strong collectively. Covalent bond is not as effect as this van der Waals force as they are strong individually requiring lots of energy to break the strong bond while the reptile climbs.

Conclusion

Thus, the covalent bond which is stronger do not help the reptile to glue its feet on the smooth surface whereas the van der Waals bond being a weak force enables the reptile to stick its feel to the surface while climbing.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About the advantage of stickiness method over the covalent interaction for the gecko reptile.

About the effect of the van der Waals force that helps the gecko to stick its feet.

Introduction:

A reptile known as gecko has an ability to climb through the smooth surfaces that follows van der Waals interactions between its feet with septa and the smooth surface when it climbs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

One of the most important biological process which is the covalent bond consumes much of energy to form it. The other process which is the van der Waals interaction takes less energy compared to this covalent interaction. So when the reptile tries to use the covalent bond interaction to stick the septa on the surface, it will require more energy and also it would make the reptile to move very slowly. Unlike the covalent interaction, the van der Waals interaction has a weak bond and the reptile requires less energy to break this bond. So using this van der Waals interaction which acts between the feet and the smooth surface, gecko the reptile can move faster and easily.

Though the van der Waals forces are weak, they become strong when the gecko reptile uses this force having many septae on its feet. This septae are individual pads that are small in size and when each such tiny pad uses this weak force, they become strong collectively. Covalent bond is not as effect as this van der Waals force as they are strong individually requiring lots of energy to break the strong bond while the reptile climbs.

Conclusion

Thus, the covalent bond which is stronger do not help the reptile to glue its feet on the smooth surface whereas the van der Waals bond being a weak force enables the reptile to stick its feel to the surface while climbing.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About the advantage of stickiness method over the covalent interaction for the gecko reptile.

About the effect of the van der Waals force that helps the gecko to stick its feet.

Introduction:

A reptile known as gecko has an ability to climb through the smooth surfaces that follows van der Waals interactions between its feet with septa and the smooth surface when it climbs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

One of the most important biological process which is the covalent bond consumes much of energy to form it. The other process which is the van der Waals interaction takes less energy compared to this covalent interaction. So when the reptile tries to use the covalent bond interaction to stick the septa on the surface, it will require more energy and also it would make the reptile to move very slowly. Unlike the covalent interaction, the van der Waals interaction has a weak bond and the reptile requires less energy to break this bond. So using this van der Waals interaction which acts between the feet and the smooth surface, gecko the reptile can move faster and easily.

Though the van der Waals forces are weak, they become strong when the gecko reptile uses this force having many septae on its feet. This septae are individual pads that are small in size and when each such tiny pad uses this weak force, they become strong collectively. Covalent bond is not as effect as this van der Waals force as they are strong individually requiring lots of energy to break the strong bond while the reptile climbs.

Conclusion

Thus, the covalent bond which is stronger do not help the reptile to glue its feet on the smooth surface whereas the van der Waals bond being a weak force enables the reptile to stick its feel to the surface while climbing.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About the advantage of stickiness method over the covalent interaction for the gecko reptile.

About the effect of the van der Waals force that helps the gecko to stick its feet.

Introduction:

A reptile known as gecko has an ability to climb through the smooth surfaces that follows van der Waals interactions between its feet with septa and the smooth surface when it climbs.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

One of the most important biological process which is the covalent bond consumes much of energy to form it. The other process which is the van der Waals interaction takes less energy compared to this covalent interaction. So when the reptile tries to use the covalent bond interaction to stick the septa on the surface, it will require more energy and also it would make the reptile to move very slowly. Unlike the covalent interaction, the van der Waals interaction has a weak bond and the reptile requires less energy to break this bond. So using this van der Waals interaction which acts between the feet and the smooth surface, gecko the reptile can move faster and easily.

Though the van der Waals forces are weak, they become strong when the gecko reptile uses this force having many septae on its feet. This septae are individual pads that are small in size and when each such tiny pad uses this weak force, they become strong collectively. Covalent bond is not as effect as this van der Waals force as they are strong individually requiring lots of energy to break the strong bond while the reptile climbs.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, the covalent bond which is stronger do not help the reptile to glue its feet on the smooth surface whereas the van der Waals bond being a weak force enables the reptile to stick its feel to the surface while climbing.

Answer 12

Ch. 2 - Prob. 1RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 2RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 3RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 4RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 5RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 6RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 7RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 8RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 9RTC Ch. 2 - Prob. 10RTC

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