Principles of Economics (12th Edition)
Principles of Economics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134078779
Author: Karl E. Case, Ray C. Fair, Sharon E. Oster
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 3.1P
To determine

How traffic congestion becomes a tragedy of the commons and how it can be resolved.

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A policymaker argues that if the roads were privately owned, then the externality of traffic congestion would be fully internalized and solved by the market. Discuss this by first explaining the externality problem that leads to congestion, and then explain whether the private market would deliver the efficient level of roads.
Which of the following policies could help the government achieve the efficient outcome? Check all that apply. Introduce emission taxes Offer a subsidy to consumers equal to the vertical distance between the marginal private benefit curve and the marginal social benefit curve Implement tradable pollution permits Offer a subsidy equal to the price at the efficient outcome Offer a subsidy to producers equal to the vertical distance between the marginal private benefit curve and marginal social benefit curve
Parks confer many external benefits on society: open space, trees that reduce pollution, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of parks is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for parks (their private value), the supply of parks (the private cost of producing them), and the social value of parks, including both the private value and external benefits.   Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity.
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