Chapter 16, Problem 22P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The point where citric acid cycle is blocked.

Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic respiration which produces excess amount of energy. The intermediate products of the citric acid cycle connect the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. In the cycle, metabolism of acetyl CoA produces carbon dioxide and water.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason of accumulation of citrate and depletion of intermediates of other cycles.

Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic respiration which produces excess amount of energy. The intermediate products of the citric acid cycle connect the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. In the cycle, metabolism of acetyl CoA produces carbon dioxide and water.

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine:  The structure of end product of fluoroacetate metabolism.

Introduction:

Metabolism is a chain of chemical reactions to break down the substances in order to generate new substance. In cellular metabolism, fluoroacetate combines with CoA to form fluoroacetyl CoA. It can replace acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle and reacts with enzyme citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate.

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for blockage of citric acid cycle due to the end product.

Introduction:

Metabolism is a chain of chemical reactions to break down the substances in order to generate new substance. In cellular metabolism, fluoroacetate combines with CoA to form fluoroacetyl CoA. It can replace acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle and reacts with enzyme citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate.

(b3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The way to overcome the inhibition.

Introduction:

Metabolism is a chain of chemical reactions to break down the substances in order to generate new substance. In cellular metabolism, fluoroacetate combines with CoA to form fluoroacetyl CoA. It can replace acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle and reacts with enzyme citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate.

(c1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for decrement in glucose uptake and glycolysis in the experiment of heart perfusion.

Introduction:

Glycolysis is an aerobic respiration process which takes place to produce large amount of energy. Glycolysis process involves the continuous use of enzymes. Enzymes take part in the conversion of one cycle intermediate into another intermediate.

(c2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for accumulation of hexose monophosphate.

Introduction:

Glycolysis is an aerobic respiration process which takes place to produce large amount of energy. Glycolysis process involves the continuous use of enzymes. Enzymes take part in the conversion of one cycle intermediate into another intermediate. Any kind of inhibition in the enzymatic activity can cause decrement in the glycolysis cycle.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To describe:  The reason for fatal property of fluoroacetate

Introduction:

Fluoroacetate is used as a rodenticide. It affects mammals and birds. The property of fluoroacetate is poisonous for cells because it is analog to citrate and is an inhibitor of citrate synthase enzyme. Inhibition of the enzymatic activity stops the cycle to proceed further and the cells lose their metabolic activity.