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Define the following:
a. spontaneous process
b. entropy
c. positional probability
d. system
e. surroundings
f. universe
(a)
Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.
An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.
(b)
Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.
Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.
It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.
(c)
Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.
(d)
Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.
In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.
(e)
Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.
(f)
Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.
The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.
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