Identify at least one physical and one chemical factor that prevent microbes from entering the body through each of the following:
- a. urinary tract
- b. reproductive tract
To review:
The physical and chemical factors of the urinary tract and reproductive tract which prevent the entry of microbes.
Introduction:
Innate immunity refers to non-specific defense mechanisms, which acts immediately after the exposure of antigens or foreign substances on the body. On the other hand, adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immunity that adapts the immune system by the formation of immune cells or memory cells for a specific antigen.
The physical and chemical barriers act as a protective coat or first line of defense for skin and mucus membrane against the environmental pathogens. The physical barrier protects the surface of the body, whereas the chemical factors protect the entry of pathogens through the mucous membrane.
Explanation of Solution
- a. Urinary tract:
Physical factor - It involves the cleaning mechanism of the urethra by the excretion of urine.
Chemical factor - The urinary tract contains the lysozyme enzyme in acidic state, which helps to inhibit the entry of microbes.
- b. Reproductive tract:
Physical factor – It helps to move out the microbes from the female reproductive system.
Chemical factor - In the female reproductive system, the chemical factor is involved in two ways; one is to remove the microbes by creating an acidic environment. The creation of acidic conditions mainly arises due to the breakdown of glycogen in vaginal epithelial cells by lactic acid bacteria. Another one is by cervical mucus, which has antimicrobial ability.
The physical and chemical factors that play a major role in nonspecific defense against foreign substances or microbes is a primary immune response of all vertebrates
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Pearson eText Microbiology: An Introduction -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, Vol. 1 (Chs 1-21) (4th Edition)
- Species Interactions Explain how predators, prey and scavengers interact. Explain whether predators and scavengers are necessary or beneficial for an ecosystem.arrow_forwardmagine that you are conducting research on fruit type and seed dispersal. You submitted a paper to a peer-reviewed journal that addresses the factors that impact fruit type and seed dispersal mechanisms in plants of Central America. The editor of the journal communicates that your paper may be published if you make ‘minor revisions’ to the document. Describe two characteristics that you would expect in seeds that are dispersed by the wind. Contrast this with what you would expect for seeds that are gathered, buried or eaten by animals, and explain why they are different. (Editor’s note: Providing this information in your discussion will help readers to consider the significance of the research).arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between Uniporters, Symporters and Antiporters? Which of these are examples of active transport?arrow_forward
- What are Amyloid Fibrils? What biological functions are these known to perform?arrow_forwardHow do histamine and prostaglandins help in the mobilization of leukocytes to an injury site? What are chemotactic factors? How do they affect inflammation process?arrow_forwardCompare and contrast neutrophils and macrophages. Describe two ways they are different and two ways they are similar.arrow_forward
- Describe the effects of three cytokines (not involved in the initial inflammation response). What cells release them?arrow_forwardDescribe activation of helper T cells or cytotoxic T cellsarrow_forwardCompare and contrast MHC 1 and MHC 2. Describe two way they are different and two ways they similar including how they are used in antigen presentation.arrow_forward
- Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative a...NursingISBN:9781305964792Author:Wilburta Q. Lindh, Carol D. Tamparo, Barbara M. Dahl, Julie Morris, Cindy CorreaPublisher:Cengage Learning