(a) Interpretation: Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined. Concept introduction: In a 1 H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ . This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

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There are 48 pairs of students in the following table. Each pair has quantitatively determined the mass of taurine in a 250 mL can of the popular energy drink marketed as “Munster” using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The class results are presented below: QUESTION: Summarise and report these results including an indication of measurement uncertainty. In both calculation samples calculate if an outlier is present, max value, number of samples, mean, standard deviation, g (suspect), g (critical) and t (critical). Mass of Taurine (mg) Mass of Taurine (mg) (Table continued) 152.01 152.23 151.87 151.45 154.11 152.64 152.98 153.24 152.88 151.45 153.49 152.48 150.68 152.33 151.52 153.63 152.48 151.68 153.17 153.40 153.77 153.67 152.34 153.16 152.57 153.02 152.86 151.50 151.23 152.57 152.72 151.54 146.47 152.38 152.44 152.54 152.53 152.54 151.32…

Indicate the rate expressions for reactions that have order 0, 1, and 2.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.1P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.2P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.3P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.4P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.5P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.6P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.7P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.8P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.9P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.10P

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Chapter 16 Solutions