Chapter 16, Problem 131E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The difference between solute and solvent is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The solution is defined as the mixture of two or more substances where the substances in a relative amount get chemically combined that is, they get mixed together, homogenously. The amount of the substances mixed can be varied according to the limit of solubility.

Answer to Problem 131E

Solute is the matter that is dissolved in the solvent and which generally changes its physical state whereas the solvent is the chemical entity in which the solute is dissolved.

Explanation of Solution

When the solute and the solvent are mixed together then they form a solution.

The solute is the matter that gets dissolved in the solvent whereas the . The solvent is the chemical entity in which the solute gets dissolved.

The solute is present in smaller amount whereas the solvent is present in larger amount in comparison with the solute.

The boiling point of solute is generally higher than the solvent whereas the boiling point of solvent is generally lower than that of the solute.

The solute can be found in solid, liquid as well as gaseous state whereas the solvent is usually found in liquid state, and can exist in gaseous state also.

Conclusion

The difference between solute and solvent has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The difference between the meaning of concentrated and dilute is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The solution is defined as the mixture of two or more substances where the substances in a relative amount get chemically combined that is, they get mixed together, homogenously. The amount of the substances mixed can be varied according to the limit of solubility.

Answer to Problem 131E

The concentrated solution is the one in which the amount of solute is large in the solvent whereas, the dilute solution is the one in which the amount of solute is less in the solvent.

Explanation of Solution

The solution can be divided into two parts that is, the concentrated solution and the dilute solution.

The concentrated solution is one in which the amount of solute is large, whereas the dilute solution is one in which the amount of solute is small.

The concentrated solution has a higher concentration whereas the dilute solution has a lower concentration.

The strength of the concentrated solution is high whereas the strength of dilute solution is low.

Conclusion

The difference between the meaning of concentrated and dilute has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The difference between saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Solutions are formed by dissolving solute in a solvent. The amount of solute can be varied according to the limit of solubility. The saturation of the solution depends upon the solubility of solute in the solvent. At a particular temperature, the amount of solute which gets dissolved in a particular amount of solvent is fixed.

Answer to Problem 131E

When the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent then it is known as a saturated solution.

The unsaturated solution is one in which less amount of solute is added to the solvent.

The unsaturated solution is one in which the maximum amount of solute is added to the solvent by altering the temperature and pressure conditions.

Explanation of Solution

The difference in the relationship between solubility $\left(\text{Q}\right)$ and solubility product $\left({\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}\right)$ of saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solution is shown below.

For saturated solution, ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}=\text{Q}$

For unsaturated solution, $\text{Q}<{\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$

For supersaturated solution, $\text{Q}>{\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$

In a saturated solution, the maximum amount of solute gets dissolved in a solvent with no precipitation.

In a supersaturated solution, more amount of solute is added after the saturation limit by altering its temperature conditions.

In an unsaturated solution, less amount of solute is dissolved in the solvent with no precipitation and a clear solution.

Conclusion

The difference between saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated has been state above.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The difference between soluble and miscible is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The solution is defined as the mixture of two or more substances where the substances in a relative amount get chemically combined that is, they get mixed together, homogenously. The amount of the substances mixed can be varied according to the limit of solubility.

Answer to Problem 131E

The term soluble is defined as the capacity of a solute to dissolve in a solvent with no precipitation, on the other hand, the term miscible is the capacity of specifically the liquid solute particles to dissolve in a liquid solvent.

Explanation of Solution

The solute and solvent when mixed together forms a solution.

The solution is soluble when a specific amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent whereas the solution is miscible when the liquid solute is dissolved in a liquid solvent.

The term soluble is specific to solid solute particles which get dissolved in a solvent, on the other hand, the term miscible is specific to the liquid solute particle that gets dissolved in a liquid solvent.

In soluble solutions, the solid solutes have a limit on its amount that is soluble whereas in a miscible solution, the liquid solutes generally dissolve without any limit, that is, they gets mixed in all amounts.

Conclusion

The difference between soluble and miscible has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The difference between molality, molarity and normality is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The concentration of solution is defined as the amount of solute particles added to the amount of solvent or solution. The concentration of the solution can be measured by calculating its molality, molarity and normality.

Answer to Problem 131E

Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute present in the specific weight of solvent in kilograms.

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute present in specific volume of solution in liters.

Normality is defined as the gram equivalent weight of solute in specific volume of solution in liters.

Explanation of Solution

Molality, molarity and normality measure the concentration of the solution in different ways.

Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute present in the specific weight of solvent in kilograms. Molarity is the number of moles of solute present in the specific weight of solvent in kilograms and normality is the gram equivalent weight of solute in specific volume of solution in liters.

Molality is denoted by $\text{m}$, molarity is denoted by $\text{M}$, and normality is denoted by $\text{N}$.

Conclusion

The difference between molality, molarity and normality has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The difference between molar mass and equivalent mass is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The amount of substance present in any matter or object is known as mass.

The mass of every substance is specific or constant.

Answer to Problem 131E

Molar mass is defined as the mass of $\text{1}\text{mol}$, that is, $6.022\times {10}^{23}$ molecules of a substance, measured in grams, whereas, equivalent mass is the amount of an element which reacts with $\text{1}\text{mol}$ of the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Molar mass and equivalent mass of the substance defines the mass or an element or a compound.

Molar mass is the sum of the atomic weight of the individual atoms in a compound whereas equivalent weight is the amount of an element that reacts with $\text{1}\text{mol}$ of the substance.

When the solution is prepared by the equivalent mass then it is known as a normal solution, on the other hand, when the solution is prepared by the molar mass then its is known as a molar solution.

Conclusion

The difference between molar mass and equivalent mass has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The difference between freezing point depression and boiling point elevation is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Colligative properties are defined as the physical properties of some dilute solutions which depend on the molal concentration of the solutes.

The colligative property that is linked to the freezing point of the solution is the depression in freezing point and the property that is linked to the boiling point is the elevation in boiling point.

Answer to Problem 131E

Freezing point depression is when the solution freezes at a lower temperature than the temperature of the pure solvent.

Boiling point elevation is when the solution boils at a higher temperature than that of the pure solvent.

Explanation of Solution

The depression in freezing point and the elevation in boiling point are due to the addition of solute particles to the solution.

Freezing point depression is defined as the decrease in the freezing point of the solvent whereas boiling point elevation occurs due to the increase in boiling point of the solvent.

Depression in freezing point causes the solution to freeze at a lower temperature than the pure solvent, on the other hand, elevation in boiling point causes the solution to boil at a higher temperature than the pure solvent.

Depression in freezing point is denoted by ${\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}$ and the elevation in boiling point is denoted by ${\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}$.

Conclusion

The difference between freezing point depression and boiling point elevation has been stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The difference between molal freezing point constant and molal boiling point constant is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Colligative properties are defined as the physical properties of some dilute solutions which depend on the molal concentration of the solutes.

The colligative property that is linked to the freezing point of the solution is the depression in freezing point and the property that is linked to the boiling point is the elevation in boiling point.

Answer to Problem 131E

The molal freezing point constant is defined as the change in the freezing point of the solvent in a $1$ molal solution whereas the molal boiling point constant is the change in boiling point of the solvent in a $1$ molal solution.

Explanation of Solution

Freezing point depression is when the solution freezes at a lower temperature than the temperature of the pure solvent and boiling point elevation is when the solution boils at a higher temperature than that of the pure solvent.

The molal freezing point constant is defined as the change in the freezing point of the solvent in a $1$ molal solution whereas the molal boiling point constant is the change in boiling point of the solvent in a $1$ molal solution.

The molal freezing point constant is denoted by ${\text{K}}_{\text{f}}$ whereas, the molal boiling point constant is denoted by ${\text{K}}_{\text{b}}$.

Conclusion

The difference between molal freezing point constant and molal boiling point constant has been stated above.