Chapter 16, Problem 111AE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The most common oxidation state of chalcogens as compared to halogens.

Concept introduction:

The electrons lost or gained by the element or ion in the reaction that formed the compound which can be expressed by positive or negative number is said to be the common oxidation state of an element or ion.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

If the halogens or chalcogens have larger values of atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization energy and second ionization energy.

Concept Introduction:

The atomic radius of an element is the atomic size of that element. It is the distance of the outermost shell from the nucleus.

Ionic radius is the size of that particular ion whether it forms a cation by losing electrons or an anion by gaining electrons. The ion that has higher value of negative charge will have higher ionic radius.

First ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy required for the removal of electron from the ground state of the isolated gaseous atom or ion whereas the amount of energy required for the abstraction of an electron from the cation is called second ionization energy.