
a.
To determine:
The position of the codon in the mRNA that must be altered by which Leucine is converted to glutamine. (
Introduction:
The basic unit of genetic code is called a codon. The genetic code is a triplet code, in which three nucleotides encode each amino acid in a protein. The genetic code has sixty-one codons that specify the twenty amino acids. The degeneracy of genetic code means that the code is redundant and the amino acids may be specified by more than one codon.
Tryptophan and methionine are the only amino acids that are encoded by a single codon.
a.

Explanation of Solution
The codon table represents the codons and coded amino acids:
The codon table shows that the amino acid Leucine (Leu) is specified by six codons CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG, UAA, and UUG. The amino acid glutamine is specified by only two codons CAA and CAG.
The codons of glutamine could be developed by mutation of two codons of Leucine that includes CUA and CUG. The mutation occurs at a single base position in the codon.
b.
To determine:
The position of the codon in the mRNA that must be altered by which phenylalanineis converted to serine
Introduction:
The basic unit of genetic code is called a codon. The genetic code is a triplet code, in which three nucleotides encode each amino acid in a protein. The genetic code has sixty-one codons that specify the twenty amino acids. The degeneracy of genetic code means that the code is redundant and the amino acids may be specified by more than one codon.
Tryptophan and methionine are the only amino acids that are encoded by a single codon.
b.

Explanation of Solution
The codon table represents the codons and coded amino acids:
The codon table shows that the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) is specified by onlytwo codons UUU and UUC. The amino acid serine (Ser) is specified by four codons UCA, UCC, UCA,andUCG.
The codons of serine could be developed by mutation of both codons of phenylalaninethat includes UUU and UUC. The mutation occurs at a single base position in the codon.
c.
To determine:
The position of the codon in the mRNA that must be altered by which phenylalanine is converted to isoleucine
Introduction:
The basic unit of genetic code is called a codon. The genetic code is a triplet code, in which three nucleotides encode each amino acid in a protein. The genetic code has sixty-one codons that specify the twenty amino acids. The degeneracy of genetic code means that the code is redundant and the amino acids may be specified by more than one codon.
Tryptophan and methionine are the only amino acids that are encoded by a single codon.
c.

Explanation of Solution
The codon table represents the codons and coded amino acids:
The codon table shows that the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) is specified by only two codons UUU and UUC. The amino acid isoleucine (Ile) is specified by three codons AUU, AUC, and AUA.
The codons of isoleucine could be developed by mutation of both codons of phenylalanine that includes UUU and UUC. The mutation occurs at a single base position in the codon.
d.
To determine:
The position of the codon in the mRNA that must be altered by which proline is converted to alanine
Introduction:
The basic unit of genetic code is called a codon. The genetic code is a triplet code, in which three nucleotides encode each amino acid in a protein. The genetic code has sixty-one codons that specify the twenty amino acids. The degeneracy of genetic code means that the code is redundant and the amino acids may be specified by more than one codon.
Tryptophan and methionine are the only amino acids that are encoded by a single codon.
d.

Explanation of Solution
The codon table represents the codons and coded amino acids:
The codon table shows that the amino acid proline (Pro) is specified byfour codons CCU, CCA, CCC, and CCG. The amino acid alanine (Ala) is specified by GCU, GCG, GCC, and GCA.
The codons of alanine could be developed by mutation of all codons of proline that includes CCU, CCA, CCC, and CCG. The mutation occurs at a single base position in the codon.
e.
To determine:
The position of the codon in the mRNA that must be altered by which asparagine is converted to lysine
Introduction:
The basic unit of genetic code is called a codon. The genetic code is a triplet code, in which three nucleotides encode each amino acid in a protein. The genetic code has sixty-one codons that specify the twenty amino acids. The degeneracy of genetic code means that the code is redundant and the amino acids may be specified by more than one codon.
Tryptophan and methionine are the only amino acids that are encoded by a single codon.
e.

Explanation of Solution
The codon table represents the codons and coded amino acids:
The codon table shows that the amino acid asparagine (Asn) is specified by two codons AAU and AAC. The amino acid lysine is specified by the codons AAA and AAG.
The codons of lysine could be developed by mutation of bothcodons of asparagine that includes AAU and AAC. The mutation occurs at a single base position in the codon.
f.
To determine:
The position of the codon in the mRNA that must be altered by which isoleucine is converted to asparagine
Introduction:
The basic unit of genetic code is called a codon. The genetic code is a triplet code, in which three nucleotides encode each amino acid in a protein. The genetic code has sixty-one codons that specify the twenty amino acids. The degeneracy of genetic code means that the code is redundant and the amino acids may be specified by more than one codon.
Tryptophan and methionine are the only amino acids that are encoded by a single codon.
f.

Explanation of Solution
The codon table represents the codons and coded amino acids:
The codon table shows that the amino acid isoleucine (Ile) is specified by three codons AUU, AUC, and AUA. The amino acid asparagine is specified by the codons AAU and AAC
The codons of asparagine could be developed by mutation of only two codons of isoleucine that includes AUU and AUC. The mutation occurs at a single base position in the codon.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Genetics: A Conceptual Approach
- If using animals in medical experiments could save human lives, is it ethical to do so? In your answer, apply at least one ethical theory in support of your position.arrow_forwardYou aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?arrow_forwardYou decide to delete Fgf4 and Fgf8 specifically in the limb bud. Explain why you would not knock out these genes in the entire embryo instead.arrow_forward
- You implant an FGF10-coated bead into the anterior flank of a chicken embryo, directly below the level of the wing bud. What is the phenotype of the resulting ectopic limb? Briefly describe the expected expression domains of 1) Shh, 2) Tbx4, and 3) Tbx5 in the resulting ectopic limb bud.arrow_forwardDesign a grafting experiment to determine if limb mesoderm determines forelimb / hindlimb identity. Include the experiment, a control, and an interpretation in your answer.arrow_forwardThe Snapdragon is a popular garden flower that comes in a variety of colours, including red, yellow, and orange. The genotypes and associated phenotypes for some of these flowers are as follows: aabb: yellow AABB, AABb, AaBb, and AaBB: red AAbb and Aabb: orange aaBB: yellow aaBb: ? Based on this information, what would the phenotype of a Snapdragon with the genotype aaBb be and why? Question 21 options: orange because A is epistatic to B yellow because A is epistatic to B red because B is epistatic to A orange because B is epistatic to A red because A is epistatic to B yellow because B is epistatic to Aarrow_forward
- A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forwardA sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forward
- With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forwardWhich ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardWhich ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education





