BIOLOGY 2E
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781506699851
Author: OpenStax
Publisher: XANEDU PUBLISHING
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Textbook Question
Chapter 15, Problem 4RQ
The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this?
- complementarity
- nonsense codons
- universality
- degeneracy
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Table 8.2
Codons in mRNA molecule and their corresponding amino acids
UUU
UUA
GCA
AAG
GOU
O nonsense
Oleucine
Refer to Table 8.2. UAU codes for which amino acid?
O lysine
O alanine
Phenylalanine UAU
leucine
UAA
alanine
lysine
valine UCG, UCU
O tyrosine
AAU
UGC
tyrosine
nonsense
asparagine
cysteine
serine
An mRNA transcript is listed below and contains both start and termination codons. Assume that the initial methionine will stay on the polypeptide in this case. What amino acid sequence will be specified during translation? List the amino acids. The start codon is highlighted.
5’ – CAGCCAAGCAUGCUCGCAAAUGGACGUUGAUAUUUUGUC – 3’
Translate the following DNA sequence
into a sequence of amino acids:
TAC TAA GGA.
The genetic code
Second letter of codon
UAU
UUU Phenylalanine UCU
UUC Phe)
Tytosine (Tyr)
UGU
Cysteine (Cys)
UGC
UCC Serine (Ser)
UCA
UCG
CCU
UAC
UA Stop codon
UXG Stop codon
1oG Stop codon
UGS Tryptophan (Trp)
CGU
CC
UUA
Leucine (Leu)
UUG
CAU
Histidine (His)
CAC
CUC
Leucine (Leu)
CUA
Proline (Pro)
CA
Arginine (Arg)
CAR Glutamine (Gin)
CGA
CUG
AUU
AUC
AUA
CAG
AAU
AAC
ACU
Isoleucine (le)
Asparagine (Asn)
AGU
Serine (Ser)
ACC Threonine (Thr)
ALA
ARC
GAU
GAC
ACA
ACC
GCO
Methicnine:
Lysine (Lys)
AGA
Arginine (Arg)
AGS
start codon
GUU
Aspartic acid (Asp)GGU
GUC
Valine (Val)
GUA
GCC Alanine (Ala)
GO Glycine (Gly
GCA
GCG
GAA Glutamic acid (Glu)
GGA
GUG
GAG
GGG
methionine-isoleucine-proline.
AUG AUU CCU
UAC UAA GGA
tyrosine-leucine-glycine
First letter of codon
Third letter of codon
Chapter 15 Solutions
BIOLOGY 2E
Ch. 15 - Figure 15.11 A scientist splices a eukaryotic...Ch. 15 - Figure 15.13 Errors in splicing are implicated in...Ch. 15 - Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial...Ch. 15 - The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify...Ch. 15 - How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons? 12 24...Ch. 15 - Which event contradicts the central dogma of...Ch. 15 - Which subunit of the E. coli polymerase confers...Ch. 15 - The -10 and -35 regions of prokaryotic promoters...Ch. 15 - Three different bacteria species have the...Ch. 15 - Which feature of promoters can be found in both...
Ch. 15 - What transcripts will be most affected by low...Ch. 15 - How do enhancers and promoters differ? Enhancers...Ch. 15 - Which pre-mRNA processing step is important for...Ch. 15 - What processing step enhances the stability of...Ch. 15 - A scientist identifies a pre-mRNA with the...Ch. 15 - The RNA components of ribosomes are synthesized in...Ch. 15 - In any given species, there are at least how many...Ch. 15 - A scientist introduces a mutation that makes the...Ch. 15 - Imagine if there were 200 commonly occurring amino...Ch. 15 - Discuss how degeneracy of the genetic code makes...Ch. 15 - A scientist sequencing itiRNA identifies the...Ch. 15 - If mRNA is complementary to the DNA template...Ch. 15 - In your own words, describe the difference between...Ch. 15 - A fragment of bacterial DNA reads: 3’...Ch. 15 - A scientist observes that a cell has an RNA...Ch. 15 - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients often harbor...Ch. 15 - Transcribe and translate the following DNA...Ch. 15 - Explain how single nucleotide changes can have...Ch. 15 - A normal mRNA that reads 5’ -...
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- If the genetic code uses triplets, how many different amino acids can be coded by a repeating RNA polymer composed of UA and UC (UAUCUAUCUAUC ...)? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. fivearrow_forwardThe genetic code is defined as a series of _______________ in _______________. (a) anticodons; tRNA (b) codons; DNA (c) anticodons; mRNA (d) codons; mRNA (e) codons and anticodons; rRNAarrow_forwardRefer to the information on the genetic code. Use this information to determine how many amino acids are coded for by the mRNA sequence AUGCGCAGUCGGUAG. The genetic code Second letter of codon UAU UAC JUU Phenylalanine uCU UUC Phe) UUA Leucine (Leu) UUG Tyrosine (Tyr) GCysteine (Cys) UGC 1oStop codon |UGG Tryptophan (Trp) CGU CGC UcC Serine (Ser) UCA ucc CCU cC Proline (Pro) Stop codon UAG Stop codon CAU Histidine His) CU CUC CUA CUG Arginine (Arg) Leucine (Leu) cca CAA CCA CGA Glutamine (Gin) CAG AUU AUC AUA ACU Isoleucine (le) AAU AAC AGU AGC Asparagine (Asn) Serine (Ser) ACC Threonine (Thr) ACA Methicnine ACC start codon GCU Lysine (Lys) AGA Arginine (Arg) ARC AGS GAU Aspartic acid (Asp)G0 GAC GUU GUC Valine (Val) GCC Alanine (Ab) GG Glycine (Gly GUA GUG GCA GCG GA Glutamic acid (Glu) GA GGG GAG 4 15 First letter of codon Third letter of codonarrow_forward
- The DNA in the coding strand below contains a short imaginary sequence for a short protein in Squibillus notables (imaginary bacterial organism). Indicate the mRNA and amino acid sequences. Label the 5' and 3' ends, the amino (N-terminus) and carboxyl (C-terminus) ends and start/stop codons, if present, as appropriate. 5'- ATGTACCTCGACGATCAAGGCAA -3'arrow_forwardUse the genetic code table. Which amino acid is coded for by only one codon sequence? Second Position U A G UUU Phe /F UCU UAU UGU UUC Tyr/Y Cys/C UCC UAC UGC Ser /s UUA Leu /L UCA UAA STOP UGA STOP UUG UCG UAG STOP UGG CUU CCU CAU CGU CỤC His / H Leu /L CC САС Pro / P CGC CUA ССА Arg/R CAA CGA CUG Gln /Q CCG CAG CGG AUU ACU AAU AGU AUC le /i ACC Asn / N Ser /S Thr/T AAC AGC AUA ACA AAA AGA AUG Met / M ACG Lys/K Arg/R AAG AGG GUU GCU GAU GGU GUC Asp/ D G Val /v GCC Ala / A GAC GGC GUA GCA Gly/G GAA GGA GUG GCG Glu /E GAG GGG valine serine threonine isoleucine methionine MacBook PrO G Search or type URL +, #3 Third Position SCAG UCAGU CAGU CA First Positionarrow_forwardWhat does it mean when we say that the genetic code contains degeneracy? Discuss the universality of the genetic code.arrow_forward
- An RNA polymer is made by using the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase with equal quantities of CTP and GTP. When this RNA is used in an in vitro translation system, all of the following amino acids could be incorporated into a newly made polypeptide, except: Codon Table Second position C UUU UCU UAU UGU phe tyr сys UUC UCC UAC UGC ser UAA Stop UGA Stop UAG Stop UGG trp UUA UCA UUG UCG CUU CCU CAU CGU leu his ССС pro ССА CỤC САС CGC arg CỦA САА CGA gln CUG CCG CAG CGG AUU ACU AAU AGU asn ser AUC ile ACC thr АCА AAC AGC AUA AAA lys AAG AGA arg AUG met ACG AGG GUU GCU GAU GGU asp GUC GCC ala GCA GẠC GGC val gly GUA GAA GGA glu GUG GCG GAG GGG glycine (Gly) histidine (His) proline (pro) alanine (Ala) arginine (Arg) Third position (3'-end) AGUCAG First position (5'-end)arrow_forwardAn RNA polymer is made by using the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase with equal quantities of CTP and GTP. When this RNA is used in an in vitro translation system, all of the following amino acids could be incorporated into a newly made polypeptide, except: Codon Table Second position A G UUU UCU UAU UGU phe tyr сys UUC UCC UAC UGC ser UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG trp UUA UCA UUG UCG CUU CCU CAU CGU leu ССС pro his CAC CUC CGC arg CỦA ССА CAA CGA gln CUG CCG CAG CGG AUU ACU AAU AGU asi se ACC thr ACA AUC ile AAC AGC AUA AAA lys AAG AGA arg AUG met ACG AGG GUU GCU GAU GGU asp GGC gly GGA GUC GCC ala GCA GAC val GUA GAA glu GAG GUG GCG GGG proline (pro) histidine (His) O arginine (Arg) alanine (Ala) glycine (Gly) Third position (3'-end) First position (5'-end)arrow_forwardThe following segment of DNA codes a protein. The uppercase letters represent Exons, the lowercase letters introns. Draw the pre- mRNA, the mature mRNA and translate the codons using the genetic code to form the protein. Identify the 5’UTR and 3UTR 5’- AGGAAATGAAATGCCAgaattgccggatgacGGTCAGCaatcgaGCACATTTGTGATTTACCGT-3’arrow_forward
- For each of the following items, fill in either the DNA strand, the MRNA codons, the tRNA anticodons, or the amino acid sequence that have been left blank. If several sequences might work, choose only one. Furthermore, circle the start and the stop codons of each mRNA sequence. 1. DNA (3'-5') ACG TAC GGC CGG TTA AAG CAT ACT TTC TTG MRNA TRNA Amino Acid 2. DNA (3'-5') MRNA AUG ACU AGC UGG GGG UAU UAC UUU UAG AAA TRNA Amino Acid 3. DNA (3'-5') MRNA TRNA GCU CCU UAC CAC ССС CGU AUG GCU GGG AUC Activate Go to Sett Amino Acidarrow_forwardThe following pattern has been observed in the genetic code. For many codons, the first base specifies a biosynthetic precursor: U = pyruvate, C = α-ketoglutarate, A = oxaloacetate, G = any of a number of simple precursors. The second base of the codon tends to be associated with water solubility: water-soluble amino acids have a G, A, or C as the middle position, whereas five of seven of the most hydrophobic amino acids have U as the middle base. The third base in a codon is often information free; that is, many of the codons for the same amino acid differ only with the third base. Review amino acid biosynthesis and determine which amino acids obey these rules. What are the exceptions?arrow_forwardcan someone helparrow_forward
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