Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 15, Problem 4DAA
Summary Introduction
To determine: Which mice showed the greatest improvement in memory between the first and the second test.
Concept introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder in which patients have impaired social interactions, repetitive and stereotyped behavior. The condition appears due to mutation in the gene neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells together. The mutation causes substitution of a cysteine (C) amino acid by arginine (R) in position 451.
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Mutations in the IL2RG gene cause approximately 30 percent of
severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) cases in
humans. These mutations result in alterations to a protein component
of cytokine receptors that are essential for proper development
of the immune system. The IL2RG gene is composed of
eight exons and contains upstream and downstream sequences
that are necessary for proper transcription and translation. Below
are some of the mutations observed. For each, explain its likely
influence on the IL2RG gene product (assume its length to be
375 amino acids).
Nonsense mutation in a coding region
Insertion in Exon 1, causing frameshift
Insertion in Exon 7, causing frameshift
Missense mutation
Deletion in Exon 2, causing frameshift
Deletion in Exon 2, in frame
(g) Large deletion covering Exons 2 and 3
Please help with this genetic mutation problem (cellular bio)
Chapter 15 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 15 - _________ cut(s) DNA molecules at specific sites....Ch. 15 - Prob. 2SQCh. 15 - Prob. 3SQCh. 15 - For each species, all ________ in the complete set...Ch. 15 - A set of cells that host various DNA fragments...Ch. 15 - Prob. 6SQCh. 15 - Prob. 7SQCh. 15 - PCR can be used _______. a. to increase the number...Ch. 15 - An individuals set of unique _______ can be used...Ch. 15 - A transgenic organism _______. a. carries a gene...
Ch. 15 - Enhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism...Ch. 15 - Enhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism...Ch. 15 - Prob. 3DAACh. 15 - Prob. 4DAACh. 15 - True or false? A transgenic organism can pass a...Ch. 15 - Which of the following can be used to carry...Ch. 15 - Prob. 13SQCh. 15 - Match the method with the appropriate enzyme....Ch. 15 - Match each term with the most suitable...Ch. 15 - Prob. 1CTCh. 15 - Prob. 2CT
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- Enhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells to one another, have been associated with autism. One mutation changes amino acid 451 from arginine to cysteine. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues genetically modified mice to carry the same arginine-to-cysteine substitution in their neuroligin 3. Mice with the mutation had impaired social behavior. To test spatial learning ability, the mice were placed in a water maze: a deep pool of warm water in which a platform is submerged a few millimeters below the surface. The platform is not visible to swimming mice. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they locate a hidden platform as fast as they can. When tested again, they can remember its location by checking visual cues around the edge of the pool. How quickly they remember the platforms location is a measure of spatial learning ability (FIGURE 15.18). FIGURE 15.18 spatial learning ability in mica mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C), compared with unmodified (wild-type) mica. 2. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?arrow_forwardHelp me pleasearrow_forwardTwo types of mutations discussed in this chapter are (1) nucleotide changes and (2) unstable genome regions that undergo dynamic changes. Describe each type of mutation.arrow_forward
- Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platforms location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchis result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?arrow_forwardThe following is a portion of a protein: met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-pro-thr-Various mutant forms of this protein have been recovered. Using the normal and mutant sequences, determine the DNA and mRNA sequences that code for this portion of the protein, and explain each of the mutations. a. met-trp- b. met-cys-ile-val-val-leu-gln- c. met-trp-tyr-arg-ser-pro-thr- d. met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-ala-val-ile-ser-pro-thr-arrow_forwardplease answer part 5arrow_forward
- Im stuck on this question:(arrow_forwardPlease help me with this question. More than one answer may be correct. THe graph relating to the information is included below. The figure shows the number of cells that have clusters of IRE1 molecules after those cells are treated with various levels of thapsigargin (Tg), a chemical that can induce ER stress. IRE1 can form these clusters when ER stress is induced and this clustering can cause activation of RNAse activity in IRE1. In this experiment, normal IRE1 was used (IRE1α) that can bind to Sec61, along with a modified version of IRE1 that binds to Sec61 more weakly than normal IRE1 (wIRE1α), and another modified version that binds to Sec61 more strongly than normal IRE1 (sIRE1α). From this figure you can conclude that: Question 18 options: IRE1 binding to Sec61 promotes the formation of IRE1 clumps IRE1 binding to Sec61 prevents the formation of IRE1 clumps co-translational translocation is a key process the golgi aparatus is heavily involved in the unfolded protein response The…arrow_forwardhelp out pleasearrow_forward
- Homozygosity for extremely rare mutations in a humangene called SCN9A cause complete insensitivity topain (congenital pain insensitivity or CPA) and a totallack of the sense of smell (anosmia). The SCN9A geneencodes a sodium channel protein required for transmission of electrical signals from particular nerves inthe body to the brain. The failure to feel pain is a dangerous condition as people cannot sense injuries.The SCN9A gene has 26 exons and encodes a1977-amino acid polypeptide. Consanguineous matings in three different families have resulted in individuals with CPA/anosmia. In Family 1, a G-to-Atransition in exon 15 results in a truncated protein that is898 amino acids long; in Family 2, deletion of a singlebase results in a 766-amino acid polypeptide; and inFamily 3, a C-to-G transversion in exon 10 yields a458-amino acid protein.a. Hypothesize as to how each of the three SCN9Amutations affects gene structure: Why are truncatedproteins made in each case? b. How would you…arrow_forwardProvide the translation for each of the potential fathersarrow_forwardplease help me with this questionarrow_forward
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