Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408332
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 15, Problem 1CT
Summary Introduction
To explain: Whether the research on deadliest influenza virus would be more or less safe.
Concept introduction: The way in which the virus functions is an important tool for designing the effective vaccine against viral infections. The virus can be spread by bioterrorism attacks, and it would be better to make strategy to study the virus structure and functions to defeat it.
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Students have asked these similar questions
There have been recent outbreaks of dog flu in the US. Why doesn't this virus infect humans?
A) The virus can replicate in cells of all species but can only egress from dog cells.
B) The genetic code of the virus is the same as that in dog cells but is different from other organisms.
C) The virus can only attach to dog cells.
D) The virus can enter cells of all species but can only replicate in dog cells.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) set up a study to determine
whether large doses of vitamin C would shorten the length of time it takes
to recover from a cold. Three thousand volunteers were split into two
groups. For two weeks, members of Group A took 3,000 mg of vitamin C
daily. Group B received 3,000 mg of a placebo. At the end of the two-week
period, the researchers inserted live cold viruses directly into the noses of
all the volunteers. The volunteers in both Group A and B continued to take
their daily pills. All the volunteers got colds, and there was no significant
difference in the length of time the colds lasted.
What is the experimental group in this example? Select the best answer.
Group B.
Three thousand volunteers.
Group A.
The live cold virus.
Length of time the colds lasted.
The vitamin C.
Size of pill (3000 mg).
Coronaviridae is a virus “family.” There are actually many different coronaviruses within this group, including less pathogenic virus strains that cause the common cold. Many people in this course have likely been infected with one of these other coronaviruses.
A common feature of coronaviruses and other RNA viruses (think influenza virus, HIV, etc.) is that they mutate frequently. This is because the viral enzymes that copy the genome during replication can’t fix mistakes.
Given this information, how might we be able to distinguish the SARS-CoV-2 strain from some of the other, less concerning, coronavirus strains?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 15 - Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice...Ch. 15 - Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice...Ch. 15 - Prob. 3DAACh. 15 - Prob. 4DAACh. 15 - _________ cut(s) DNA molecules at specific sites....Ch. 15 - Prob. 2SQCh. 15 - Prob. 3SQCh. 15 - For each species, all ________ in the complete set...Ch. 15 - A set of cells that host various DNA fragments...Ch. 15 - Prob. 6SQ
Ch. 15 - Prob. 7SQCh. 15 - Prob. 8SQCh. 15 - Prob. 9SQCh. 15 - Prob. 10SQCh. 15 - A transgenic organism _______. a. carries a gene...Ch. 15 - True or false? Some transgenic organisms can pass...Ch. 15 - Taq polymerase is used for PCR because it _______....Ch. 15 - _____ can correct a genetic defect in an...Ch. 15 - Match each term with the most suitable...Ch. 15 - Match the method with the appropriate enzyme....Ch. 15 - Prob. 1CTCh. 15 - Restriction enzymes in bacterial cytoplasm cut...Ch. 15 - The results of a paternity test using short tandem...
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- Coronaviruses have a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome. a.) What is the genome replication strategy of this category of viruses? b.) How do you think this feature affects the stability of the viral genome? (hint use figure below) Mutation rates in different types of viruses. Estimates obtained for viruses belonging to the major indicated groups are shown as a function of genome size. This reveals an effect of genetic material (RNA/DNA) and genome size on viral mutation rates.arrow_forwardResearchers have recently discovered giant viruses that are 1 μm in length, the same size as some bacterial cells. The genomes of these viruses contain over 2 million base pairs of DNA, which is more DNA than is found in many bacterial genomes, and their genomes contain hundreds—in some cases, thousands—of genes. Given these observations and what you know about viruses, should viruses be considered living or nonliving? Give arguments for and against considering viruses as living organisms.arrow_forwardSome retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.arrow_forward
- A particular animal virus requires the use of DNA polymerase from its host, since it does not possess its own DNA polymerase enzyme. Which of the following assumptions in A-D would likely be correct regarding this virus? A) O This virus could not be a retrovirus type. B) OIt could be a (-) ss RNA virus. C) O It could be a (+) ss RNA virus. D) O The vVirus life cycle very likely includes going to the host cell nucleus. E) O All ofA-D are correct assumptions.arrow_forwardViruses are made up of the same biomolecules as cellular organisms (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.), which are synthesized through enzymatic dehydration reactions from building blocks and disassembled by enzymatic hydrolysis. They infect cells and replicate themselves using resources from the host cells. Scientists discovered a previously unknown strain of virus in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it can infect higher-order eukaryotes. Initial analysis revealed that the virus is mainly composed of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Chemical analysis after complete hydrolysis revealed the following building blocks (by weight): Chemical components Nucleosides Amino acids Lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates Percentage by weight 20 30 50 Analysis of percentages of nucleosides yielded the following results (by molar ratio): Nucleosides A G T C U Percentage by mole 19 29 19 29 4 Which of the following events mostly involves hydrolysis reaction after the virus infects…arrow_forwardBacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: 1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection 2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infectionarrow_forward
- In 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of bacteriophage preparation that can be used on ready-to-eat meat and poultry products to kill Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that causes listeriosis. Some people may have concerns about the use of phages in foods. From what you have learned about bacteriophages and viruses, why do you think we do not have to be concerned about the presence of bacteriophages in food?arrow_forwardAs a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.arrow_forwardList three differences between the structure of HIV and the virus that causes influenza. For one of these differences, explain how the STRUCTURE is key to the FUNCTION of the virus.arrow_forward
- This virus does not conform to the central dogma of molecular biology. Explain the central dogma and how the virus behaves differently. How should the patient to treated? Can the treatments cure the disease?arrow_forwardThe diagrams below represent nucleic acid genomic material and a finished product after the viral polymerase acted on the genomic material. Name the virus (either family, genus, or particular virus is acceptable) that these diagrams represent. A is B is C is Dis Genomic material Product + sense RNA A 5' VPB -sense RNA 3' VPg 5' -sense RNA 5' cap Derived from infected cell B 3' 5' AAAAA(A) 3 + sense RNA C + sense RNA -sense RNA +sense RNA 5' 3'arrow_forwardMost humans are not easily infected by avian influenza. How, then, do DNA sequences from avian influenza become incorporated into human influenza?arrow_forward
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