Managerial Economics: A Problem Solving Approach
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781337106665
Author: Luke M. Froeb, Brian T. McCann, Michael R. Ward, Mike Shor
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 15, Problem 15.3IP
To determine
The equilibrium of the game.
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Imagine United Airlines deciding independently to reduce fares on its flights. Other competing
airlines quickly matched the fare cuts. These actions might be interpreted as:
a cooperative game.
a competitive game.
a constant sum game.
a noncooperative game.
Can you suggest a better game theory than Cournot, Stackelberg and Bertrand?
The Cournot Model: what happens when two firms compete simultaneously on the quantity of output they produce of a homogeneous good.
The Stackelberg Model: what happens when two firms compete sequentially on the quantity of output they produce of a homogeneous good.
The Bertrand Model: what happens when two firms compete simultaneously on the price of a homogenous good.
There are two competing firms, Jack and Jill represents a normal form of a game of two firms that produce a widget that is identical in quality. The rows in the table below correspond to the two different strategies available to firm Jack: price High or Low. The columns correspond to the same strategies for Jill: price High or price Low. The numbers in the tables show the profits. The number on the left (first number) is Jack firm profit, and the numbers on the right (second number) is Jill’s firm profit in millions of dollars. For example, If both price High (the upper left cell), then they each get 10 million in profits.
If a firm prices high, the other firm prices low, consumers will have a choice to go to the low firm and the firm that prices high will get zero while the firm that prices low will get all market share.
The game is played simultaneously, meaning same time and neither will know what the decision is.…
Chapter 15 Solutions
Managerial Economics: A Problem Solving Approach
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- Consider a market with two firms, Kellogg and Post, that sell breakfast cereals. Both companies must choose whether to charge a high price ($4.00) or a low price ($2.50) for their cereals. These price strategies, with corresponding profits, are depicted in the payoff matrix to the right. Kellogg's profits are in red and Post's are in blue. Kellogg What is the cooperative equilibrium for this game? Price = $4.00 Price = $2.50 O A. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg to choose a price of $2.50 and Post to choose a price of $4.00. $800 Price = $4.00 $50 %3D O B. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg and Post to both choose a price of $2.50. Post of $4.00. OC. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg and Post to both choose a price $350 O D. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg to choose a price of $4.00 and $350 Price = $2.50 $50 Post to choose a price of $2.50. O E. A cooperative equilibrium does not exist for this game. Clear all Chec 88,092 2 47arrow_forwardGame Theory. Consider a Stackelberg competition game with three firms. Firm 1 chooses q1 first. Firm 2 observes q1 and chooses q2. Firm 3 observes both and chooses q3. These three firms are the only firms in the market, so the sum of their outputs is equal to total market supply, i.e. q1+q2+q3=Q. Suppose demand is given by P=12-Q. For simplicity of calculation, suppose each firm has marginal costs of 0, i.e. c1(q1)=0, c2(q2)=0 and c3(q3)=0. (1) What quantity does Firm 1 produce in the SPNE of the game? (2) What quantity does Firm 2 produce in the SPNE of the game? (3) What quantity does Firm 3 produce in the SPNE of the game?arrow_forwardConsider a market with two firms, Kellogg and Post, that sell breakfast cereals. Both companies must choose whether to charge a high price ($4.00) or a low price ($2.50) for their cereals. These price strategies, with corresponding profits, are depicted in the payoff matrix to the right. Kellogg's profits are in red and Post's are in blue. Kellogg What is the cooperative equilibrium for this game? $4.00 Price = $2.50 Price = O A. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg to choose a price of $2.50 and $800 $50 Post to choose a price of $4.00. Price = $4.00 $800 %3D OB. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg and Post to both choose a price 006$ of $2.50. Post C. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg and Post to both choose a price of $4.00. Price = $2.50 $350 OD. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg to choose a price of $4.00 and Post to choose a price of $2.50. %3D $50 $350 OE. A cooperative equilibrium does not exist for this game. Is the cooperative equilibrium likely…arrow_forward
- Consider a market with two firms, Kellogg and Post, that sell breakfast cereais. Both companies must choose whether to charge a high price ($5.00) or a low price ($3.00) for their cereals. These price strategies, with corresponding profits, are depicted in the payoff matrix to the right. Kellogg's profits are in red and Post's are in blue. What is the cooperative equilibrium for this game? Kelogg Price- $5.00 Price $3.00 OA The cooperative equilibrium is for Kelogg to choose a price of $3.00 and Post to choose a price of $5.00. OB. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg and Post to both choose a price of $3.00. OC. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg and Post to both choose a price of $5.00. OD. The cooperative equilibrium is for Kellogg to choose a price of $5.00 and Post to choose a price dk $3.00. OF Acooperative equilibrium does not exist for this game 00 Price= $5.00 1200 S000 $1.000 Post Is the cooperative equilibrium ikely to occur? $1.000 Price $3.00 450 The…arrow_forwardProblem 5.1. The inverse market demand for printer paper is given by P = 400 – 2Q. There are two firms who compete to produce this paper, each with a marginal cost of production equal to c = 40 over a large range of output (ie, assume constant marginal cost). The two firms compete in quantities, in other words they each simultaneously choose a quantity to produce (Cournot competition). Derive the Cournot-Nash equilibrium of this game. Please write final answers in the boxes, showing work in blank areas. (a) The reaction function for each firm. 91 (92): 92 (91) (b) Optimal output q for each firm. 92 = р = = π1 = (c) Market price (from demand curve). (d) Firm profits. 92 = π2 =arrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes the reason why game theory is useful for analyzing oligopoly behavior? Game theory does not account for the strategics of other firms, so it omits information that is not necessary to analyze oligopoly behavior. A market with only two suppliers cannot be demonstrated with a traditional supply and demand model. Oligopolies have no costs to produce their goods, so there is never a supply curve for an oligopoly. In an oligopoly, firms act strategically to increase their market share at the expense of their competitors' market share. Firms view the ability to beat their rivals as a game to be played and won, regardless of the profit that they have at the end of the game.arrow_forward
- Two firms are competing to establish one of two new wireless communication standards, A or B. A strategy is a choice of standard, and an outcome of this game is a choice of standard by each firm – for example, (A, B) represents the case where Firm 1 decides to develop standard A and Firm 2 develops standard B. Here, the first letter will always correspond to Firm 1’s decision, and the second letter to Firm 2’s decision. Firm 1 has the following preferences over outcomes, in order of highest to lowest preferred: it prefers (A, A) to (B, A) to (A, B) to (B, B). Firm 2 prefers (A, B) to (A, A) to (B, A) to (B, B). Suppose that firms simultaneously decide which standard to develop. What is the pure strategy Nash equilibrium? Is the answer (B,B)? If not please explian what is the answer?arrow_forwardTwo firms are competing to establish one of two new wireless communication standards, A or B. A strategy is a choice of standard, and an outcome of this game is a choice of standard by each firm – for example, (A, B) represents the case where Firm 1 decides to develop standard A and Firm 2 develops standard B. Here, the first letter will always correspond to Firm 1’s decision, and the second letter to Firm 2’s decision. Firm 1 has the following preferences over outcomes, in order of highest to lowest preferred: it prefers (A, A) to (B, A) to (A, B) to (B, B). Firm 2 prefers (A, B) to (A, A) to (B, A) to (B, B). Suppose that firms simultaneously decide which standard to develop. What is the pure strategy Nash equilibrium?arrow_forwardConsider the following one period game between Yellow pages and a new competitor Spartan information. They earn revenues by charging businesses for their advertisement spaces. Their two strategies are: either charge a higher price (PH ) or charge a lower price (PL) for advertising space. The payoffs from these strategies are provided for each firm. Is this a case of a prisoner’s dilemma?arrow_forward
- A small town has a duopoly in its tattoo market. Two firms, "Thread the Needle" and "Ink about it" are both competitors. Daily profit is listed in the payoff matrix. The green payouts belong to "Thread the Needle" and the red, "Ink about it". In this game, what is the Nash Equilibrium? A Thread the Needle: don't advertise, Ink about it: don't advertise B Thread the Needle: don't advertise, Ink about it: advertise C Thread the Needle: advertise, Ink about it: advertise D Thread the Needle: advertise, Ink about it: don't advertisearrow_forwardBob's Product- Strategy Pizza No Pizza Sam's Product Strategy No Pizza A U Pizza -$10 с -$10 $0 $15 B D $15 $10 $0 $10 Refer to the payoff matrix. Bob's Burgers and Sam's Sandwiches are competing restaurants in a small town. Both are considering adding pizza to their line of products. If this is a sequential game but we don't know who moves first, what can we say about the final outcome? A. There is no Nash equilibrium attainable for this game. B. Cell A represents the only Nash equilibrium possible for this game. C. Cell D represents the only Nash equilibrium possible for this game. D. Cells B and C both represent possible Nash equilibrium outcomes for this game.arrow_forwardHow Game theory really works in the world of Oligopoly?arrow_forward
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