Chapter 15, Problem 15.19P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of the given compound (2,3-dimethyloctane) has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The structure of the compound is given by its systematic name.

To give the structure from the name of the compound, the root name has to be identified.  The root name indicates the number of carbon atoms present in the longest chain.

Then the functional group (suffix) has to be identified.  It indicates whether any functional groups are present in the compound, it also gives whether the compound is an alkane or alkene or alkyne.

The prefix of the name indicates the branched groups and their positions on the carbon chain.

The name of the compound is in the form

Prefix + Root + Suffix

Explanation of Solution

The compound given is 2,3-dimethyloctane.

To give the structure of 2,3-dimethyloctane, first the root name has to be identified.  The root name indicates carbon atoms in longest chain.  In the given compound, the root name is Octane.  As the suffix is –ane, it is an alkane and contains only single bonds.  Octane consists of eight carbon atoms in chain.

As the name is 2,3-dimethyloctane, it contains prefix 2,3-dimethyl.  It indicates that the carbon chain is substituted at two positions.  The substituent groups are methyl groups.  As both substituents are methyl groups, dimethyl is used in prefix.

The structure of 2,3-dimethyloctane is given as

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of the given compound (1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane) has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The structure of the compound is given by its systematic name.

To give the structure from the name of the compound, the root name has to be identified.  The root name indicates the number of carbon atoms present in the longest chain.

Then the functional group (suffix) has to be identified.  It indicates whether any functional groups are present in the compound, it also gives whether the compound is an alkane or alkene or alkyne.

The prefix of the name indicates the branched groups and their positions on the carbon chain.

The name of the compound is in the form

Prefix + Root + Suffix

Explanation of Solution

The compound given is 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane.

To give the structure of 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane, first the root name has to be identified.  The root name indicates carbon atoms in longest chain.  In the given compound, the root name is cyclohexane.  In cyclohexane, six carbon atoms are present in a ring or cyclic form.  As the suffix is –ane, it is an alkane and contains only single bonds.  The structure of cyclohexane is given as

As the name is 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane, it contains prefix 1-ethyl-3-methyl.  It indicates that the carbon chain is substituted at two positions.  The substituent groups are ethyl (${\text{-CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}$) and methyl (${\text{-CH}}_{\text{3}}$) groups.  The number of the carbon on which the substituent group is present is mentioned.  The substituents are attached to the base structure.

The structure of 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane is given as

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The name of the given compound has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

The hydrocarbons which contains only single bonds are said to be Alkanes.  The general formula for alkanes can be given as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n+2}}$.  All carbon atoms are ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized.

The Alkanes are named following some rules:

• The name of the alkane is given by the number of carbon atoms present in the chain.  It is said to be Root of the alkane.

Root = number of carbon atoms in chain.

• To name the root, for one carbon atom, the root name use is meth-.  For two carbon atoms, the root name is eth-, for three carbon atoms, it is prop-, for four carbon atoms, it is but-, for five carbon atoms, it is pent- and so on.
• The root name is followed by Suffix.  Suffix indicates the functional group present in the compound.  It is placed after the root name.

Suffix = name of the functional group present in the compound.

• The root name also contains Prefix.  Prefix is the groups attached to the root.  It indicates the branched carbon atoms on the root chain and name according to the root specifying the carbon number on which it is placed.  It contains –yl in name end.  The prefix is placed before the root name.

Prefix = name of the branched carbon atoms on chain.

• The name of the alkane is given in the form

Prefix + Root + Suffix

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is

To give the compound a systematic name, first the root has to be identified.  The root consists of number of carbon atoms present in the longest chain.  In the given compound, the longest chain contains seven carbon atoms.  Hence, the name hept- is used as the root.  The carbon chain is numbered in the way that the substituents get the lowest number.

As the given compound contains only single bonds, it is an alkane.  For alkanes, the suffix used is –ane.  The suffix is added to the root name.

The given compound contains branched carbon atoms.  It contains one carbon atom (${\text{-CH}}_{\text{3}}$) in branch, so the name methyl- is used as prefix.  As it contains two methyl groups, dimethyl is added as prefix along with the carbon number in the chain on which the branched groups are located.  As two methyl groups are placed on carbon 3 and 4, 3,4-dimethyl is used as prefix.

The systematic name of the given compound is

Root = hept-

Suffix = -ane

Prefix = 3,4-dimethyl-

The name of the given compound is given as 3,4-dimethylheptane.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The name of the given compound has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

The hydrocarbons which contains only single bonds are said to be Alkanes.  The general formula for alkanes can be given as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n+2}}$.  All carbon atoms are ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized.

The Alkanes are named following some rules:

• The name of the alkane is given by the number of carbon atoms present in the chain.  It is said to be Root of the alkane.

Root = number of carbon atoms in chain.

• To name the root, for one carbon atom, the root name use is meth-.  For two carbon atoms, the root name is eth-, for three carbon atoms, it is prop-, for four carbon atoms, it is but-, for five carbon atoms, it is pent- and so on.
• The root name is followed by Suffix.  Suffix indicates the functional group present in the compound.  It is placed after the root name.

Suffix = name of the functional group present in the compound.

• The root name also contains Prefix.  Prefix is the groups attached to the root.  It indicates the branched carbon atoms on the root chain and name according to the root specifying the carbon number on which it is placed.  It contains –yl in name end.  The prefix is placed before the root name.

Prefix = name of the branched carbon atoms on chain.

• The name of the alkane is given in the form

Prefix + Root + Suffix

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is

To give the compound a systematic name, first the root has to be identified.  The root consists of number of carbon atoms present in the longest chain.  In the given compound, the longest chain contains four carbon atoms.  Hence, the name but- is used as the root.  The carbon chain is numbered in the way that the substituents get the lowest number.

As the given compound contains only single bonds, it is an alkane.  For alkanes, the suffix used is –ane.  The suffix is added to the root name.

The given compound contains branched carbon atoms.  It contains one carbon atom (${\text{-CH}}_{\text{3}}$) in branch, so the name methyl- is used as prefix.  As it contains two methyl groups, dimethyl is added as prefix along with the carbon number in the chain on which the branched groups are located.  As two methyl groups are placed on carbon 2, 2,2-dimethyl is used as prefix.

The systematic name of the given compound is

Root = but-

Suffix = -ane

Prefix = 2,2-dimethyl-

The name of the given compound is given as 2,2-dimethylbutane.