Microbiology: An Introduction (13th Edition)
13th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605180
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case, Derek Weber, Warner Bair
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 15, Problem 10R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The OPA1 protein involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation which takes place in mitochondria.
Introduction:
Neisseria gonorrhea is the gram negative bacteria that infect the female genital tractand it is a causative agent of gonorrhea.
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Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them from being killed by phagocytes.
Suggest 2 or 3 factors that help them avoid destruction by the powerful antiseptics in macrophages
Suggest the potential implications that these infected macrophages can have on the development of disease
Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces:
The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels
The production of antimicrobial peptides
The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection
The activation of Drosophila complement
A phagocyte enters tissues by:
chemotaxis
leukocytosis
diapedesis
margination
Chapter 15 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction (13th Edition)
Ch. 15 - Compare pathogenicity with virulence.Ch. 15 - How are capsules and cell wall components related...Ch. 15 - Prob. 3RCh. 15 - Explain how drugs that bind each of the following...Ch. 15 - Prob. 5RCh. 15 - Prob. 6RCh. 15 - Prob. 7RCh. 15 - Which of the following genera is the most...Ch. 15 - How can viruses and protozoa avoid being killed by...Ch. 15 - Prob. 10R
Ch. 15 - The removal of plasmids reduces virulence in which...Ch. 15 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 15 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 15 - All of the following can occur during bacterial...Ch. 15 - The ID50 for Campylobacter sp. is 500 cells; the...Ch. 15 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 15 - A drug that binds to mannose on human cells would...Ch. 15 - The earliest smallpox vaccines were infected...Ch. 15 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 15 - Which of the following statements is true? a. The...Ch. 15 - Prob. 1ACh. 15 - Prob. 2ACh. 15 - Prob. 3ACh. 15 - How do each of the following strategies contribute...Ch. 15 - On July 8, a woman was given an antibiotic for...Ch. 15 - Explain whether each of the following examples is...Ch. 15 - Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are...
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- Mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens that have adapted to life inside phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. These intracellular bacteria are taken up by phagocytosis, similar to other pathogens, but the bacteria are not killed. One possible mechanism that could account for this immune evasion by mycobacteria is their ability to: Prevent induction of nitric oxide production in the phagosome Prevent the acidification of phagosomes Prevent the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the phagosome Prevent fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes Kill the macrophage before it kills themarrow_forwardHow does Mycobacterium tuberculosis gain access through that preferred portal of entry Explain how the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to evade innate human host defenses that prevent this from occurring. discuss specific components of your pathogen. (Examples may include capsules, cell wall components, exoenzymes, antigenic variation and penetration of the host cell cytoskeleton.)arrow_forwardTLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2 and CD14. True/False: All mammalian TLRs have been shown to directly bind to microbial products, leading to TLR signaling.arrow_forward
- The process of macrophages bringing microbes inside the cell to destroy them is called: diapedesis chemotaxis leukocytosis phagocytosisarrow_forwardDifferent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes much versatility. Virulence factors include which of the following? Choose one or more: A.A capsule that, when thick, will help the organism avoid phagocytosis by macrophages B.A cell wall containing lipoteichoic acid, thought to facilitate adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells C.Enzymes that lyse blood cells (streptolysins) D.The production of several endotoxins called streptococcal pyogenic endotoxins (SPEs)arrow_forwardExplain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes: 1. Salmonella typhimurium 2. Listeria monocytogenesarrow_forward
- TH2 cells coordinate type 2 responses to expel intestinal helminths and repair tissue injury. The immune response to helminthic worm infections in the gastrointestinal tract requires specialized mechanisms due to the fact that helminths are too large to be ingested and destroyed by phagocytes. For example, cytokines made by TH2 cells elicit responses from multiple non-hematopoietic cell types that aid in parasite expulsion. Name two of these cell types and for each of them, their response to TH2-produced cytokines.arrow_forwardPlease explain detailyarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is TRUE? TLRS in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes. O TLRS on the surface of microbes trigger the accumulation of opsonins. O Lectins on the surface of microbes are bound by chemokine receptors. NOD proteins on the surface of microbes are detected by TLRS. Question 3 A person has a disease that has activated the first line of defense. Which of the follcaarrow_forward
- Describe in chronological order the steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissue sites during an innate immune response. Use the following terms in your description: rolling adhesion, tight binding, extravasation, migration, inflammatory mediators, integrins, adhesion molecules, chemokines, selectins, sialyl-Lewisx, and basement membrane proteases.arrow_forwardWhich of the following would you anticipate would be secreted through the Type III secretion system during infection? a secondary messenger effector that is unable to cross the host cell membrane, such as the AexT protein that disrupts the host cell cytoskeleton the superantigen TSST that is responsible for the signs and symptoms associated with toxic shock syndrome a pore-forming cytolytic toxin, such as a hemolysin not enough information to determine the AB toxin responsible for the flaccid paralysis associated with botulismarrow_forwardWhat is opsonization and how does it help phagocytes? Give an example of a molecule that acts as an opsonin.arrow_forward
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