The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition. Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different conditions. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 10E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different conditions. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect of concentration ratios in part a-c on the direction of the reaction.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

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The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactatein skeletal muscle cells using NAD/NADH during anaerobic “balanced” fermentation.Answer the following questions about this reaction. (a) Write out the two reductive half reactions and indicate the E ̊' for each half reaction. Write out the full balanced reaction for the pyruvate to lactate rxn and indicate the ∆E ̊' for the reaction. (b) What is the free energy change under standard state conditions for thisreaction? Which direction is spontaneous?(c) Assume that in skeletal muscle cells the ratio of [NAD+] to [NADH] is 100, and that the[pyruvate] = 0.40 mM and [lactate] = 4.0 mM. What is the free energy change (∆G')for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate? Indicate the direction in which the reactionis spontaneous under these cellular conditions.

Why did the authors worry about the temperature-dependent solubility of the carriers in thebilayer? How did the authors determine whether the effect of freezing the lipid bilayer wasto decrease the solubility of the carriers (nonactin and valinomycin) or whether the effectwas to impair their ability to diffuse through the membrane (decrease their mobility)?

Kranse et. al. measured the temperature dependence of conductance using membranescontaining the phospholipids glyceryl dipalmitate and glyceryl distearate. Describe themodifications in membrane content that you would employ to: (a) shift the temperature of the phase transition (b) make the ion conductance curve for valinomycin andnonactin more like that of gramicidin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 10E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different conditions. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect of concentration ratios in part a-c on the direction of the reaction.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 10E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different conditions. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect of concentration ratios in part a-c on the direction of the reaction.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 10E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different conditions. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect of concentration ratios in part a-c on the direction of the reaction.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 15, Problem 10E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different conditions. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect of concentration ratios in part a-c on the direction of the reaction.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 6

Chapter 15, Problem 10E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different conditions. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 7

Chapter 15, Problem 10E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different conditions. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The ΔG value at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the given condition.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states. In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 12

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect of concentration ratios in part a-c on the direction of the reaction.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 13

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect of concentration ratios in part a-c on the direction of the reaction.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate is known as the end product of glycolysis that continues in two different states In aerobic process, it undergoes aerobic respiration; whereas in anaerobic process, it undergoes fermentation. There are two types of fermentation that occurs by pyruvate, one is the lactic acid fermentation and the other one is the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 15 - Prob. 1E Ch. 15 - Prob. 2E Ch. 15 - 3. The reversible reaction shown here is part of...Ch. 15 - 4. Step 4 of the pentose phosphate pathway...Ch. 15 - 5. The aldolase reaction can proceed in revere as...Ch. 15 - Prob. 6E Ch. 15 - 7. Identify the intermediate in the...Ch. 15 - 8. The compound you identified in Problem 7 is a...Ch. 15 - 9. The pyruvate ? lactate reaction in animals is...Ch. 15 - Prob. 10E

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