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To label: The label the structures in figure 14.1 (a).
Introduction: A group of skeletal muscles that was supplied by the facial nerves is termed as the facial muscles. They are involved in controlling facial expression. It is also termed as mimetic muscles and it includes zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, platysma, and occipitofrontalis muscle.
Answer to Problem 1.1BGL
Pictorial representation:
Explanation of Solution
1. Frontalis: It is a thin, quadrilateral form of muscle which is categorized as the frontal belly and occipital belly. The frontal belly lies over the frontal bone and is involved raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead. The occipital belly lies over the occipital bone and involved in pulling the scalp posteriorly.
2. Orbicularis oculi: Orbicularis oculi is a facial muscle which is directly situated underneath the surface of the skin of the eyes. These muscles are involved in controlling the eye movement. It is a ring-like band of muscle that specifically encircles the eye. It is situated below the tissue of eyelid and makes the eyelid to blink or close.
3. Zygomaticus major: Zygomaticus major is a muscle of facial expression. It is involved in the superior and posterior motion of the mouth. This action of drawing the angle of mouth especially controls the smiling. This muscle is situated between the corner of the mouth and the zygomatic bone. It is located inferiorly within the zygomatic minor.
4. Zygomaticus minor: It is located between the zygomatic bone and the corner of the mouth. Raising the upper lip and exposing the upper teeth is the main function of this muscle.
5. Orbicularis oris: Orbicularis oris is a facial muscle involved in controlling the lip and mouth movements. These muscles are originated from the bones of upper and lower jaw and palates. It is a sphincter muscle that specifically encircles the mouth. These muscles are involved in closing and pursing of lips.
6. Platysma: It is a wide, flat muscle that covers the entire anterior neck and the lower mandible and it ends on the chest. It depresses the mandible and tenses the skin of the neck.
To label: The label the structures in figure 14.1 (c).
Answer to Problem 1.1BGL
Pictorial representation:
Explanation of Solution
1. Frontalis: It is a thin, quadrilateral form of muscle which is categorized as the frontal belly and occipital belly. The frontal belly lies over the frontal bone and is involved raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead. The occipital belly lies over the occipital bone and involved in pulling the scalp posteriorly.
2. Occipitalis: It is situated over the inferior portion of the occipital bone. It is innervated by the facial nerve and is involved in the back movement of the skull.
3. Orbicularis oculi: Orbicularis oculi is a facial muscle which is directly situated underneath the surface of the skin of the eyes. These muscles are involved in controlling the eye movement. It is a ring-like band of muscle that specifically encircles the eye. It is situated below the tissue of eyelid and makes the eyelid to blink or close.
4. Masseter: The masseter is a facial muscle and it is located in the cheek area and it is one of the muscles of mastication or chewing process. It is a rectangular-shaped muscle and is situated in the anterior portion of the ear between the zygomatic arch and posterior part of the mandible. The main function of these muscles is the elevation and retraction of the mandible.
5. Zygomaticus minor: It is located between the zygomatic bone and the corner of the mouth. Raising the upper lip and exposing the upper teeth is the main function of this muscle.
6. Zygomaticus major: Zygomaticus major is a muscle of facial expression. It is involved in the superior and posterior motion of the mouth. This action of drawing the angle of mouth especially controls the smiling. This muscle is situated between the corner of the mouth and the zygomatic bone. It is located inferiorly within the zygomatic minor.
7. Buccinator: It is situated deep to the masseter and its fibers run transversely and form the fleshy part in the cheek. The function of this muscle is pressing the cheek inward to suck, blow, and whistle.
To label: The label the structures in figure 14.1 (d).
Answer to Problem 1.1BGL
Pictorial representation:
Explanation of Solution
8. Temporalis: The temporalis is a broad, fan-shaped muscle and it is located on each side of the head. It covers most of the temporal bone and it is one of the muscles of mastication or chewing process. The main function of these muscles is to move the lower jaw or mandible. It is specifically involved in the elevation and retraction of the mandible.
9. Lateral pterygoid: It is situated superior to the medial pterygoid and deep to masseter. It protracts, depresses, and moves the mandible in it sideways.
10. Medial pterygoid: It is situated inferior to the lateral pterygoid and deep to the masseter. It elevates, protrudes, and moves the mandibles in it sideways.
11. Orbicularis oculi: Orbicularis oculi is a facial muscle which is directly situated underneath the surface of the skin of the eyes. These muscles are involved in controlling the eye movement. It is a ring-like band of muscle that specifically encircles the eye. It is situated below the tissue of eyelid and makes the eyelid to blink or close.
12. Buccinator: It is situated deep to the masseter and its fibers run transversely and form the fleshy part in the cheek. The function of this muscle is pressing the cheek inward to suck, blow, and whistle.
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Chapter 14 Solutions
Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology, 6e WileyPLUS (next generation) + Loose-leaf
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