Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 13.1, Problem 1MQ
- What characteristics would have made the surface of Earth inhospitable to the formation of life 4.5 billion years ago?
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9) Rocks containing fossil evidence have been found in Canada suggesting how life on Earth evolved. What about the rocks led to this belief?
A) They contained graphite, a from of pure carbon.
B) They contained fossil evidence of human remains.
C) They were metamorphic rocks with traces of water.
D) They were extrusive rocks that came from the volcanic vents.
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Historically, how has the origin of life on
earth been explained?
1) What piece of evidence initially convinced Dr. Alvarez that a mass extinction had occurred at the K-T boundary?
2) What was the first clue that an asteroid had struck Earth at around the same time as the mass extinction?
3) What additional observations and findings supported the asteroid-impact hypothesis?
Which piece of evidence definitely showed that an asteroid had struck Earth? Explain your answer.
Chapter 13 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 13.1 - What characteristics would have made the surface...Ch. 13.1 - How do we know when oceans were first present on...Ch. 13.1 - What lines of reasoning support the hypothesis...Ch. 13.1 - What is LUCA, and what is a plausible explanation...Ch. 13.2 - Why is the origin of cyanobacteria considered a...Ch. 13.2 - What caused the development of banded iron...Ch. 13.2 - What lines of evidence indicate that microbial...Ch. 13.2 - Why was the origin of cyanobacteria of such...Ch. 13.3 - What kinds of evidence support the three-domain...Ch. 13.3 - What is LUCA and what are some of its...
Ch. 13.3 - Which of the three domains is the least ancient?Ch. 13.3 - What evidence supports the classification of life...Ch. 13.4 - What evidence supports the idea that the...Ch. 13.4 - In what ways are modern eukaryotes a combination...Ch. 13.4 - Describe the different hypotheses for the...Ch. 13.4 - What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis for the...Ch. 13.5 - What are the different processes that give rise to...Ch. 13.5 - What is the difference between selection and...Ch. 13.5 - In the experiment of Figure 13.12, why did the...Ch. 13.5 - What is fitness? To what degree does fitness...Ch. 13.6 - What is the difference between the core and pan...Ch. 13.6 - What kind of recombination might have the greatest...Ch. 13.6 - What effects do deletions have on the evolution of...Ch. 13.6 - What are some processes that influence the content...Ch. 13.7 - How are DNA sequences obtained for phylogenetic...Ch. 13.7 - What does a phylogenetic tree depict?Ch. 13.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.7 - What is the difference between a gene tree and an...Ch. 13.8 - What is the difference between taxonomy and...Ch. 13.8 - What are some key criteria from the phylogenetic...Ch. 13.8 - How many species of Bacteria and Archaea have been...Ch. 13.8 - What is the "species problem" and why is the...Ch. 13.9 - What class of genes is used in MLST analyses?Ch. 13.9 - How is ribotyping different from rep-PCR?Ch. 13.9 - What is FAME analysis?Ch. 13.9 - Prob. 1CRCh. 13.10 - What roles do culture collections play in...Ch. 13.10 - What is the IJSEM and what taxonomic function does...Ch. 13.10 - Why might viable cell cultures be of more use in...Ch. 13.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 13 - Compare and contrast the physical and chemical...Ch. 13 - For the following sequences, construct the...Ch. 13 - Imagine that you have been given several bacterial...Ch. 13 - Imagine that you have discovered a new form of...
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- What evidence would you look for on Enceladus, Europa or Mars that would tell you that life may have existed there in the past?arrow_forwardFour billion years ago, the Earth was a thin-crusted inferno. Which probable stage of physical and chemical evolution of life is that?arrow_forwardDescribe the conditions on Earth 4.5 billion years agoarrow_forward
- Direct evidence of life on early Earth comes from fossils of microorganisms that lived 3.5 billion years ago. But how did the first living cells appear?arrow_forwardWhat evidence is there for the hypothesis that life originated on Earth by the creation and polymerization of small organic molecules by natural processes?arrow_forwardHow does finding the same fossils of a land animal on two different continents support the hypothesis of continental drift? A) The land animal fossil is now found in colder parts of the world which means the continents had drifted since the fossils were made. B) The land animal fossil could only have ended up fossilized on both continents if they were once together C) The land animal fossil was unable to swim across oceans so the fact that its fossils were found on distant continents suggested those continents had once been fused together as later moved apart. D) The land animal fossil wasnt found in Asia which wegner thought was only stable continent that hadn’t moved.arrow_forward
- 29) The Cretaceous extinction. which was the most recent mass extinction, occurred about 65.5 million years ago. What is the leading hypothesis to explain the Cretaceous extenction? A) The Indian sub-continent collided with the Asian techtonic plate, giving rise to the Hymalayan mountains which altered the jet stream and caused the planet to enter an ice age B) An asteroid about 6 km in diameter collided with Earth, which vaporized the caribbean ocean, set fire to north and south America, and expelled enough dust into the atmosphere to block the sun enough to result in a winter like environment all across the globe for several years C) A new group of predators evolved that were significantly better at capturing prey, to the point that they drove many species (including other predators and eventually themselves) to extinction D) Massive amounts of volcanic activity released tons of CO2, enough to significantly increase the temperature of the planet 30) The Permian extinction, which…arrow_forwardOne type of fish fossil is found only in a rock layer near the bottom of a canyon, while a different kind of fish fossil is found only in a rock layer 4,000 feet higher, near the top of the canyon. Which statement would a scientist most likely offer to explain this situation? A.) The fish in the lower layer lived in the deep sea. While the other fish lived in shallow water. B.) The fish in the upper layer lived a healthier life than the other fish. C.) The rock in the lower layer is denser than the rock in the upper layer D.) The rock in the upper layer must have formed in freshwater E.) The fish in the upper layer lived more recently than the other fish. The Geologic Time Scale is a systematic chronological dating process that relates geological strata to time. This methodology is commonly used be geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events that once occurred in history. Which of the following statements can be…arrow_forwardWhy is the reducing nature of early Earths atmosphere key to the OparinHaldane theory of the origin of molecules necessary for life?arrow_forward
- The period of the history of the earth that is referred to as Chemical Evolution was essential for the appearance of life as we know it. This theory asserts that Chemical Evolution is a) confirmed by laboratory experiments, b) occurred without the presence of any living organisms, c) created the conditions needed for primitive life, d) occurred because of the properties of elements and the compounds that they formed. e) All are assertions of this theory.arrow_forward(e) If you collected a sample of water being ejected from Saturn's moon, Enceladus, you could examine it for isotopic signatures of life. Explain why this might not be definitive and describe one other way in which you could test a sample of this water for biological material.arrow_forwardHow have changes in earths systems contributed to the evolution of life?arrow_forward
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