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Concept explainers
To determine: The part of the brain that transforms emotions into somatosensory and visceral function.
Introduction: The brain is a very complex organ. Structurally, it involves two hemispheres divided by a fissure called corpus callosum. The brain has three parts. These are the largest part is the cerebrum, the second largest part is the cerebellum, and the brain stem that is called medulla oblongata.
To list: The three autonomic reflexes linked to emotions.
Introduction: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) helps in maintaining a steady state in the internal environment which is called homeostasis. The two branches of ANS are the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- Describe Dr. LeDoux's direct ("fast and dirty") ascending emotional pathways Emotional stimulus>dorso-medial thalamus>lateral nucleus of the amygdala Emotional stimulus>ventral sensory thalamus>neocortex>lateral nucleus of the amygdala Emotional stimulus>ventral sensory thalamus> PAG>central nucleus of the amygdala Emotional stimulus>ventral sensory thalamus> Hypothalamus>basolateral nucleus of the amygdalaarrow_forwardWhat portions of the brain and limbic system are involved with modulation of emotion?arrow_forwardIn the Basal Ganglia, which neurotransmitter is released onto the external segment of the globus pallidus of the indirect pathway? Glutamate GABA ACH Dopamine In the Basal Ganglia, which neurotransmitter is released onto the internal segment of the globus pallidus of the indirect pathway? Glutamate GABA ACH Dopaminearrow_forward
- Which of the following statements best describes the axonal projection patterns of upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex? Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are cholinergic and their axons project directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are glutamatergic and their axons project to the thalamus, brain stem and directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to the spinal cord where they synapse with cholinergic lower motoneurons that control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to neurons in the cerebellum, thalamus and brain stem that in turn contact lower motoneurons in the spinal cord to control voluntary muscle movements.arrow_forwardSubjecting neurons in the perforant pathway to tetanus stimulation strengthens activity in the dentate gyrus, indicating that long-term potentiation does not occur in the hippocampus. the hippocampus is involved in memory. synapses in the brain do not behave like Hebbian synapses. synapses in the brain can behave like Hebbian synapses.arrow_forwardMatch the following statements to the correct neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system. Select "Both" if the statement is true of both neurotransmitters. Secreted by cholinergic fibers. Receptors for this neurotransmitter may cause either excitatory or inhibitory responses. Bind(s) to adrenergic receptors. Receptors for this neurotransmitter are found on all autonomic postganglionic neurons. This neurotransmitter can increase heart rate. ANSWER OPTIONS: Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine? Both?arrow_forward
- Give examples of how components of the limbic systemaffect emotions.arrow_forwardParkinson's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control. Explain what the root cause of Parkinson's disease is (where, what is happening and what symptoms are seen). A treatment option is Dopamine, that usually fails. Propose a reason why this treatment fails. Propose a biomedical device intervention that you could use to control symptoms and how it works.arrow_forwardWhich of the following describes the disinhibition in the direct pathway of the basal ganglia? Question 6 options: A) Subthalamic nucleus inhibits internal segment of the globus pallidus which disinhibits substantia nigra B) Substantia nigra inhibits striatum which disinhibits the subthalamic nucleus C) Striatum inhibits internal segment of the globus pallidus which disinhibits thalamus D) Striatum inhibits external segment of the globus pallidus which disinhibits thalamusarrow_forward
- Classify the following characteristics to demonstrate your knowledge of differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic Nervous System Most ganglia lie close to the spinal cord and form two chains of ganglia-one on each side of the spinal cord Increases intestinal motility and stimulates intestinal secretion Postganglionic axons are generally short Preganglionic axons are generally short Postganglionic axons release NE that binds to adrenergic receptors located on the effectors Decreases heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity Ganglia lie within, or very close to, innervated organs Decreases intestinal motility and inhibits intestinal secretion Long preganglionic axons release ACh that binds to nicotinic receptors located within the ganglia Neurons leave the CNS from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord Parasympathetic Nervous System Generalized activation is called the fight-or-flight response…arrow_forwardWhich of the following autonomic system neurotransmitters and receptors is/are correctly matched? Acetylcholine : beta adrenergic receptors Epinephrine : nicotinic cholinergic receptors All of these are correctly matched Norepinephrine : alpha adrenergic receptorsarrow_forwardMatch the following statements about anatomy to the correct division of the autonomic nervous system. Select "Both" if the statement or effect is true of both divisions. Innervate(s) most major organs of the body. Innervate(s) most blood vessels. Most effector pathways involve two neurons. The vagus cranial nerve carries these fibers. ANSWER OPTIONS: Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, BOTHarrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
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