PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS (LL)W/ACC.
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781264088980
Author: Frank
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 13, Problem 6RQ
To determine
Sketch the Keynesian cross and determine the autonomous and induced expenditures, marginal propensity to consume, and short-run equilibrium output.
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The graph models an economy in equilibrium with a real GDP of $180 billion. Suppose that consumers' expectations about future incomes change, causing unplanned inventory investment to increase by $30 billion. Shift the planned aggregate expenditure (AE) line to show the effect of this change.
*Image*
1) This change will cause the equilibrium level of real GDP to
a) decrease.
b) remain unchanged.
c) increase.
2) By how much will GDP change once the new equilibrium is reached? If GDP will decrease, be sure to include a negative sign.
GDP change: $ ________ billion
The following table shows consumption (C), investment spending (I), and government purchases (G), for some hypothetical economy at several levels of income (reported in billions of dollars of real GDP). Assume that in this economy, income is taxed at a rate of 25%, base consumption is $50 billion, and that the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.667, or 2/3.
Further assume that this economy is closed, that is, there is no international trade and so net exports are always equal to zero.
Use the given information to fill in disposable income, consumption, and planned expenditures in the following table.
Income: Real GDP
Disposable (After Tax) Income
C
Ip
G
Planned Expenditures
(Billions of dollars)
(Billions of dollars)
(Billions of dollars)
(Billions of dollars)
(Billions of dollars)
(Billions of dollars)
0
0
50
100
50
100
100
50
200
100
50
300
100
50
400
100
50
500
100
50…
Consider two hypothetical economies that are perfectly similar except for their marginal propensity to consume (MPC). Each economy is currently in equilibrium with real income and planned expenditure equal to $100 billion, as given by the black points (plus signs) on the following two graphs. Assume that both economies are closed to trade, and that neither economy has taxes that change with income. The graphs also plot the 45-degree line.
The first economy has an MPC equal to 0.5. Therefore, its initial planned expenditure line has a slope of 0.5 and passes through the point (100, 100).
The second economy has an MPC equal to 0.75. Therefore, its initial planned expenditure line has a slope of 0.75 and passes through the point (100, 100).
Now, suppose there is an increase of $20 billion in planned investment in each economy.
In the first economy (with MPC = 0.5), the $20 billion increase in planned investment causes equilibrium income to increase by
billion. In the second…
Chapter 13 Solutions
PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS (LL)W/ACC.
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- The following table shows consumption (C), investment spending (I), and government purchases (G), for some hypothetical economy at several levels of income (reported in billions of dollars of real GDP). Assume that in this economy, income is taxed at a rate of 25%, base consumption is $25 billion, and that the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.333, or 1/3. Further assume that this economy is closed, that is, there is no international trade and so net exports are always equal to zero. Use the given information to fill in disposable income, consumption, and planned expenditures in the following table. Income: Real GDP Disposable (After Tax) Income C Ip G Planned Expenditures (Billions of dollars) (Billions of dollars) (Billions of dollars) (Billions of dollars) (Billions of dollars) (Billions of dollars) 0 0 25 150 50 100 150 50 200 150 50 300 150 50 400 150 50 500 150 50…arrow_forwardRecall the Keynesian Cross is the foundation to derive the IS curve. Suppose we have a simple closed economy. The cross of planned expenditure (PE) and the equilibrium condition (PE = Y) of this economy shows the equilibrium level of national output in the goods market. Here we assume the consumption (C) is a function of • C = 120 + 0.75(Y-T); Here the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) equals 0.75. Planned investment (I) is 200; government purchases (G) and taxes (T) are both 400. Use the conditions given, finish the following questions. (1) What is the equilibrium level of national income? Show step-by-step solution. Tip: recall the definition of planned expenditure (PE). At equilibrium, actual expenditure (Y) equals planned expenditure. (2) If government expenditures increase to 500, ceteris paribus (other things being equal), what is the new equilibrium income? What is the multiplier for government purchases? How much is the change of national income from the increase in…arrow_forwardIn a Keynesian cross diagram, if the government decreases the tax rate, or makes the leakage of taxation less a) the aggregate expenditure function will shift to the left, but its slope will not change b) the aggregate expenditure function will shift to the right, but its slope will not change c) the slope of the aggregate expenditure function will increase and increases the point at which it crosses the 45 degree line where Aggregate Output is equal to Aggregate Expenditures d) the slope of the aggregate expenditure function will decreasearrow_forward
- President Biden recently boasted of his administration’s success in lowering the deficit of the US government. This reduction could be considered “budget austerity”. Budget austerity usually involves a reduction in federal government spending and/or the raising of taxes to keep the budget deficit under control. Assume that just as austerity was beginning that we found the economy at a level of Ye that was below full employment (Ye < YN), as we did in the first two quarters of 2022. Illustrate graphically using the simple expenditure model developed in class what austerity will mean when for the level of planned spending when we start at Ye<YN, in theory, for the level of planned spending and equilibrium output as it takes effect. Lastly, given the movement you show in planned spending, if any, does the policy of austerity make sense if your goal is use policy to achieve YN? Explain.arrow_forwardlook at the keynesian consumption function:c=c0+(mpc)(yd).which part of it relates to autonomous consumption?which part of it relates to included consumption?define autonomous consumption and induced consumptionarrow_forwardThe Aggregate Expenditure Model is traditionally called the” Keynesian Cross”. Use the Aggregate Expenditure Keynesian Cross diagram to show what happens to the economy under the following conditions: (Note that is different from the AS-AD Model.) What happens in the model if government expenditures are increased (G↑)? What happens if taxes are raised (T↑)? What happens to the US economy if the rest of the world experiences economic growth and imports more US goods (X↑)?arrow_forward
- According to Keynes’ Law... A) The total demand for products determine the level of gross domestic product and may not equal the supply capacity of the economy in the short run. B) The total demand always equals the total supply capacity in the short run. C) The total demand tends to rise above the total supply capacity in the short run which leads to recessions D) The total supply of products determines the level of gross domestic product and the level of demand in the economy in the long run.arrow_forwardExplainarrow_forwardConsider the impact of thriftiness in the Keynesian Cross Model. Suppose the consumption function is C=C¯+c(Y−T¯) where C¯ is called autonomous consumption and cc is the marginal propensity to consume. a) What happens to equilibrium income when society becomes more thrifty (i.e., a decline in C¯) b) Your answer to (a) is called the Paradox of Thrift. Explain why consuming less (and saving more) is not a good thing in this model. (Hint: a decrease in consumption wouldn’t be so bad in our classical model of Chapter 3 because we assumed national savings equaled investment in the long run.)arrow_forward
- Due to an increase in consumer wealth, there is a $40 billion autonomous increase in consumer spending in the economies of Westlandia and Eastlandia. Assuming that the aggregate price level is constant, the interest rate is fixed in both countries, and there are no taxes and no foreign trade, complete the accompanying tables to show the various rounds of increased spending that will occur in both economies if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.5 in Westlandia and 0.75 in Eastlandia. What do your results indicate about the relationship between the size of the marginal propensity to consume and the multiplier?arrow_forwardFor the following economy, find autonomous expenditure, the multiplier, short-run equilibrium output, and the output gap. By how much would autonomous expenditure have to change to eliminate the output gap? C = 550 + 0.75 (Y – T ) I p = 200 G = 200 NX = 60 T = 180 Y* = 3,400 Instructions: Enter your responses as absolute numbers. Autonomous expenditure: Multiplier: Short-run equilibrium output: There is (Click to select) an expansionary no a recessionary output gap in the amount of .Autonomous expenditure would need to (Click to select) increase decrease stay the same by to eliminate the output gap.arrow_forwardIn the Keynesian macroeconomic model, the equation for the savings function is given as: S = -420 + 1/4Y. Based on this information, which of the following statements is correct? (1) The marginal propensity to consume is 1/4;(2) The marginal propensity to save is -420; (3) At an income level of R1 000, the value of savings is 250;(4) At an income level of R1 000, the level of savings is -170.arrow_forward
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