Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781292089034
Author: Paula Yurkanis Bruice
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 13, Problem 44P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of given reactions has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Malonic ester synthesis is used to prepare carboxylic acids of the desired length.  The malonic ester is reacted with an alkoxide base which removes a alpha hydrogen.

The anion so formed is reacted with an alkyl halide.  The anion abstracts the alkyl group from the alkyl halide.  On heating, decarboxylation takes place which gives the desired carboxylic acid.

Aldol reaction is an addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones.  Aldol reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in the presence of a strong base like sodium hydroxide.

One molecule (aldehyde or ketone) acts a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon center of the other molecule to give the addition product.  The product is named β-hydroxy aldehyde if two aldehydes combine and β-hydroxy ketone if two ketones combine.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

 The product of given reactions has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Malonic ester synthesis is used to prepare carboxylic acids of the desired length.  The malonic ester is reacted with an alkoxide base which removes a alpha hydrogen.

The anion so formed is reacted with an alkyl halide. The anion abstracts the alkyl group from the alkyl halide.  On heating, decarboxylation takes place which gives the desired carboxylic acid.

Aldol reaction is an addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones.  Aldol reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in the presence of a strong base like sodium hydroxide.

One molecule (aldehyde or ketone) acts a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon center of the other molecule to give the addition product.  The product is named β-hydroxy aldehyde if two aldehydes combine and β-hydroxy ketone if two ketones combine.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of given reactions has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Base abstracts a proton and formed enolate will attack the carbon to which halogen is attached, which in turn leads to the removal of halide ion.

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(9 Pts) In one of the two Rare Earth element rows of the periodic table, identify an exception tothe general ionization energy (IE) trend. For the two elements involved, answer the followingquestions. Be sure to cite sources for all physical data that you use.a. (2 pts) Identify the two elements and write their electronic configurations.b. (2 pts) Based on their configurations, propose a reason for the IE trend exception.c. (5 pts) Calculate effective nuclear charges for the last electron in each element and theAllred-Rochow electronegativity values for the two elements. Can any of these valuesexplain the IE trend exception? Explain how (not) – include a description of how IErelates to electronegativity.
Don't used hand raiting and don't used Ai solution

Chapter 13 Solutions

Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition

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