UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE(LL)-W/CODE
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780393869903
Author: PALEN
Publisher: NORTON
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Chapter 13, Problem 40QAP
To determine
Energy released from fusing
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Consider the two nuclear reactions I: A + B → C + E II: C + D → F + G(a) Show that the net disintegration energy for these two reactions (Qnet = QI + QII) is identical to the disintegration energy for the net reaction A + B + D → E + F + G(b) One chain of reactions in the Sun’s core is the protonproton cycle. Based on part (a), what is Qnet for this sequence?
Assume that the core of the Sun has one-eighth of the Sun’s mass and is compressed within a sphere whose radius is one-fourth of the solar radius.Assume further that the composition of the core is 35% hydrogen by mass and that essentially all the Sun’s energy is generated there. If the Sun continues to burn hydrogen at the current rate of 6.2 *1011 kg/s, how long will it be before the hydrogen is entirely consumed? The Sun’s mass is 2.0 * 1030 kg.
Please answer within 90 minutes.
Chapter 13 Solutions
UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE(LL)-W/CODE
Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 13.1CYUCh. 13.2 - Prob. 13.2CYUCh. 13.3 - Prob. 13.3CYUCh. 13.4 - Prob. 13.4CYUCh. 13.5 - Prob. 13.5CYUCh. 13.6 - Prob. 13.6CYUCh. 13 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 13 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 13 - Prob. 3QAPCh. 13 - Prob. 4QAP
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- Recall that the solar constant—the flux of solar energy reaching Earth’s vicinity—is about 1,400 W/m2. If the Sun’s energy originates in the proton-proton cycle, at what rate (kg/s) does the Sun lose mass? Compare the yearly mass loss with the Sun’s total mass. Mass rate = 4.404 x 10^9 kg/sarrow_forwardHow much energy (in x 1016 Joule) does the Sun burn 1 kg of hydrogen fuel in a nuclear reaction?arrow_forwardSr-90 (A=90, Z = 38) decays via B decay. Calculate the energy of the antineutrino (in keV) if the beta particle has a kinetic energy of (2.82x10^2) keV. %3D Note you can look the atomic masses up online or in the appendix of the textbook 1, Assume all the energy released are shared by the kinetic energy of the beta particle and antineutrino. Note: Your answer is assumed to be reduced to the highest power possible. Your Answer: х10 Answerarrow_forward
- The nuclear process for fusing helium into carbon is often called the “triple-alpha process.” Why is it called as such, and why must it occur at a much higher temperature than the nuclear process for fusing hydrogen into helium?arrow_forwardWhy is fission not an important energy source in the Sun?arrow_forwardWhy is a higher temperature required to fuse hydrogen to helium by means of the CNO cycle than is required by the process that occurs in the Sun, which involves only isotopes of hydrogen and helium?arrow_forward
- Part A 15 Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for a °N nucleus. The mass of the neutral atom of °N is 15.000109 u, the mass of the neutral atom of H is 1.007825 u and the mass of neutron is 1.008665 u. Express your answer using four significant figures. ? Binding energy per nucleon = MeVarrow_forwardAssume that the protons in a hot ball of protons each have a kinetic energy equal to kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature. If T = 1 * 10^7 K, what (approximately) is the least separation any two protons can have?arrow_forwardThe sun has a radius of 6.959 × 108 m and a surface temperature of 5.81 x 10° K. When the sun radiates at a rate of 3.91 x 1026 W and is a perfect emitter. What is the rate of energy emitted per square meter? Stefan-Boltzmann constant is 5.67 x 10-8 J/s-m2 K4 a) 5.6 x 107 W/m2 b) 12.8 x 107 W/m2 c) 6.4 x 107 W/m2 25.6 x 107 W/m2 5.6 x 1017 W/m2arrow_forward
- A nuclear fusion reaction in the Sun converts 4 H nuclei to 1 He-4 nucleus. Each Hydrogen nuclei is 1.007825u (an atomic mass unit); one Helium nucleus is 4.00268u. What is the mass lost in the process (in u)? What is the % of the original mass? Write down the equation that determines the energy produced in this process. Calculate the energy created from 1 kilogram of hydrogen fused. (with units kg & m/s, answer will be Joules) The Sun’s luminosity (or power) is 4 x 1026 Watts (=J/s). How many kilograms of hydrogen must be fused every second to maintain this luminosity? (hint: work backwards from the energy per second to the mass released to the amount of hydrogen required, using the results from the previous question.) The Sun’s mass is ~2x1030 kg. If 10% of this is Hydrogen available in the core, how long will the Sun be able to continue fusing hydrogen at this rate? This is considered the Sun's "lifetime". If the Sun is 4.6 billion years old (and assuming it's power…arrow_forward1) a) At what rate is the Sun's mass decreasing due to nuclear reactions Am/At? Use E=mc? and Lsun=3.839x1026 W and give your answer in Msun/year. b) And due to solar wind? Calculate the flow using v=500 km/s measured on Earth, n=7x106 particles/m³ and µ=1. c) Assuming that those 2 processes rates remain constant during the Sun's main-sequence life, would either mass loss process significantly affect the total mass of the Sun? Use that the Sun's lifetime in the main-sequence is ~ 1010 years.arrow_forwardWhat is the percentage difference mass loss between a Helium nucleus and 4 protons? My math came out to 99% but I think I did something wrong (this assumes the mass for of 4 protons is 6.6792 x 10^-27kg and a the mass of a helium nucleus is 6.6892e x 10^-27kg (Units need to be in kilograms to use with e=mc^2)arrow_forward
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