Biology: Science for Life with Physiology (6th Edition) (Belk, Border & Maier, The Biology: Science for Life Series, 5th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134555430
Author: Colleen Belk, Virginia Borden Maier
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 13, Problem 2LTB
Summary Introduction
To label:
The figure which follows the three steps needed for the occurrence of
Introduction:
A biological species can be defined as a group of individuals that can breed together but cannot breed with any other group. The group shows reproductive isolation from other groups. The biological species concept states that a species essentially or potentially interbreed in nature but not on the basis of similarity in appearance.
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Can you answer all the parts to this diagram
Species 1 and 2 are sister species from which you’ve cloned related genes. On the gene tree on the top of the next page, use labels to answer the following questions:
(a) Label the node that represents a gene duplication with “D,”
(b) Label the nodes that represent speciation events with “S,”
(c) Pick a pair of genes that are paralogs and label them both “P.”
(d) Pick a pair of genes that are orthologs and label them both “O.”
BASED ON THE MATRIX, CREATE A CLADOGRAM. HAVING AN "x" MEANS THE ORGANISM HAS A TRAIT.
Cells
Legs
Antenna
Wings
2 sets of wings
Worm
x
Spider
x
x
Carpenter ant
x
x
x
House fly
x
x
x
x
Dragon Fly
x
x
x
x
x
Based on the character matrix in the picture, draw a Venn diagram. Start with the character that is shared by all the taxa on the outside. Inside each box, write the taxa that have only that set of characters.
Next, make a cladogram based on the matrix and Venn diagram.
Chapter 13 Solutions
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology (6th Edition) (Belk, Border & Maier, The Biology: Science for Life Series, 5th Edition)
Ch. 13 - Define biological species.Ch. 13 - Prob. 2LTBCh. 13 - Prob. 3LTBCh. 13 - Prob. 4LTBCh. 13 - Prob. 5LTBCh. 13 - Prob. 6LTBCh. 13 - The biological definition of race corresponds to...Ch. 13 - All of the following statements support the...Ch. 13 - Similarity in skin color among different human...Ch. 13 - Prob. 10LTB
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- Construct the data matrix From the DNA sequence data from the 5 taxa. (Hint: there are three variable nucleotide sites, which are the characters) Map all three characters onto both mypotheses using two Colors (same as in Activity 6). 3 position 111111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 ATTGCGGCCTGTATG Taxon A Taxon B ATGGCGGGCTGTAAG Taxon C ATTGCGGGCTGTATG Taxon D ATTGCGGGCTGTAAG Taxon E ATGGCGGCCTGTATG 1 Determine the treelength of both hypotheses and fill in 3 the treelength and Justify Text minimum number of changes in the table on the lower right. Then compute the CI for both hypotheses and put a checkmark or X to indicate which one is the most parsimonious and which one is the most accurate. 4 Character/ states Taxon A Use the most accurate phylogeny to infer the origin of the new fungal pathogen Taxon B Hypothesis Treelength Minimum CI Most parsimonious Most accurate Taxon C Taxon D 1 taxon taxon A taxon B taxon C taxon D taxon E Taxon E Minimum 2 origin Florida (new) Mexico China…arrow_forwardA cladogram used in a comparison of morphology among taxa had equal length branches, but when looked at in a blast webpage using the given gene sequence, the branches all had different lengths. Why is that?arrow_forwardSpecies 1 is described as 2n = 8 and has chromosome composition BBDDEEHH. Species 2 is described as 2n = 10 and has chromosome composition NNPPSSXXZZ. Select the best answer to classify the organism below based on its chromosome composition. Note that each letter represents a chromosome and that the organism below is either an individual from one of the species above or is derived from one or both species above. Organism: BBDEEHH Select one: Oa. Haploid O b. Diploid C. Double Trisomic O d. Autotriploid e. Double Monosomic f. Monosomic O g. Allotriploid Oh. Autotetraploid Oi. Allotetraploid Nullisomic Ok. Trisomicarrow_forward
- In a mimimum of 25 sentences explain why subspecies are important in the field of taxonomy. Also explain why some taxonomist do not use subspecies. Provide a clear paragraph and give examples if possiblearrow_forwardHow to interpret this phylogenetic tree (Maximum Likelihood)?arrow_forwardSequence data from OTUs are provided in the table below with values provided as (percentage distance x 1000) measurements. Determine the phylogenetic tree from the data in the table below using the UPGMA procedure mentioned in class. Berenstain Bear Berentstain Bear Care Bear Gummi Bear Paddington Bear Care Bear 160 Gummi Bear 150 40 Paddington Bear 80 130 120 Place each OTU in the correct box on the appropriate tree below. Do not label the incorrect tree. Care Bear Gummi Bear Berenstain Bear Paddington Beararrow_forward
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Sympatric Speciation occurs when traits change within an interbreeding population due to a cell division error such as polyploids.arrow_forwardSpecies 1 is described as 2n = 8 and has chromosome composition BBDDEEHH. %3D Species 2 is described as 2n = 10 and has chromosome composition NNPPSSXXZZ. Select the best answer to classify the organism below based on its chromosome composition. Note that each letter represents a chromosome and that the organism below is either an individual from one of the species above or is derived from one or both species above. Organism: NPSXZBBDDEEHH Select one: O a. Haploid O b. Autotriploid O c. Allotetraploid O d. Autotetraploid O e. Trisomic Of Monosomic O g. Double Trisomic O h. Allotriploid Diploid Double Monosomic O k. Nullisomicarrow_forwardSpecies 1 is described as 2n = 8 and has chromosome composition BBDDEEHH. %3D Species 2 is described as 2n = 10 and has chromosome composition NNPPSSXXZZ. Select the best answer to classify the organism below based on its chromosome composition. Note that each letter represents a chromosome and that the organism below is either an individual from one of the species above or is derived from one or both species above. Organism: NPSXZBBDDEEHH Select one: Нaploid O b. Autotriploid O c. Allotetrapioid O d. Autotetraploid Trisomic Of Monosomic Double Trisomic O h. Allotriploid Diploid Double Monosomic O k. Nullisomicarrow_forward
- What is meant by the term reproductive isolation? Give several examples.arrow_forwardYou want to make a phylogenetic tree of a group of three related species of lizards that live on an island. Their genome sequences are highly similar except for a gene that controls body size. In that region of the genome, one of the lizard species has one copy of the growth control gene (L1), the second species has a duplication of the growth control gene (L2) and the third species has three copies of the same gene (L3). The lizard species show an increase in size depending on how many copies of the growth control gene they have (L1 is smallest, L2 is medium-sized and L3 is largest). Is this enough information to determine the phylogenetic relationships between the species, and predict which of the species arrived on the island first (and is the ancestral species)? Yes, because the ancestral lizard genome probably had a single copy of the growth control gene and after arriving on the island it was duplicated, resulting in species L2, and then another duplication occurred resulting in…arrow_forwardComplete the chart below to indicate which occurrences would provide barriers sufficient for possible speciation of the organism. Change in ecosystem Effect on reproduction A mountain river is dammed to produce hydroelectric energy. This separates a population of bull trout. 1 A remote hiking trail with limited foot traffic is home to many elk. The trail is expanded to allow for hikers to cross a stream by building a bridge. 2 One sample of frog lays its eggs in shallow water at a pond's edge. Another frog sample in the same area digs a hole near the pond to lay its eggs. 3 One sample of swallow (a bird) uses grasses and mud to build a nest, and another sample uses twigs. 4 1.2.3.4 can be geographical barrier is preventing interbreeding, biological barrier is preventing interbreeding, or nothing is preventing interbreedingarrow_forward
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